考研英语题库_普通考研题库

Concrete is probably used more widely than any other substance except water, yet it remains largely unappreciated. "Some people view the 20th century as the atomic age, the space age, the computer age — but an argument can be made that it was the concrete age, " says cement specialist Hendrik Van Oss. "It"s a miracle material." Indeed, more than a ton of concrete is produced each year for every man, woman and child on Earth. Yet concrete is generally ignored outside the engineering world, a victim of its own ubiquity and the industry"s conservative pace of development. Now, thanks to environmental pressures and entrepreneurial innovation, a new generation of concretes is emerging. This high-tech assortment of concrete confections promises to be stronger, lighter, and more environmentally friendly than ever before. Concrete is also a climate-change villain. It is made by mixing water with an aggregate, such as sand or gravel, and cement. Cement is usually made by heating limestone and clay to over 2, 500 degrees F. The resulting chemical reaction, along with fuel burned to heat the kiln, produces between 7% and 10% of global carbon-dioxide emissions. "When we have to repeatedly regenerate these materials because they"re not durable, we release more emissions, " says Victor Li who has created a kind of concrete suffused by synthetic fibers that make it stronger, more durable, and able to bend like a metal. Li"s creation does not require reinforcement, a property shared by other concretes that use chemical additives. Using less water makes concrete stronger, but until the development of plasticizers, it also made concrete sticky, dry, and hard to handle, says Christian Meyer, a civil engineering professor at Columbia University. Making stronger concretes, says Li, allows less to be used, reducing waste and giving architects more freedom. "You can have such futuristic designs if you don"t have to put rebar in there, or structural beams, " says Van Oss. A more directly "green" concrete has been developed by the Australian company TecEco. They add magnesium to their cement, forming a porous concrete that actually scrubs carbon dioxide from the air. While experts agree that these new concretes will someday be widely used, the timetable is uncertain. Concrete companies are responsive to environmental concerns and are always looking to stretch the utility of their product, but the construction industry is slow to change. "When you start monkeying around with materials, the governing bodies, the building departments, are very cautious before they let you use an unproven material," Meyer says. In the next few decades, says Van Oss, building codes will change, opening the way for innovative materials. But while new concretes may be stronger and more durable, they are also more expensive — and whether the tendency of developers and the public to focus on short-term rather than long-term costs will also change is another matter.By saying "it was the concrete age"(Line 3, Para. 1), Van Oss means that

A．the traditional building material concrete is the only man-made miracle.
B．concrete is indispensable in the development of modern construction industry.
C．compared with other inventions, concrete is more practical and useful.
D．concrete, as a building material, can be mixed with any other materials.

单项选择题

Most towns up to Elizabethan times were smaller than a modern village, and each of them was built a-round its weekly market where local produce was brought for sale and the town folks sold their work to the people from the countryside and provided them with refreshment for the day. Trade was virtually confined to that one day even in a town of a thousand or so people. On market days craftsmen put up their stalls in the open air whilst on one or two other days during the week the townsman would pack up his loaves, or nails, or cloth, and set out early to do a day"s trade in the market of an adjoining town where, however, he would be charged a heavy toll for the privilege and get a less favourable spot for his stand than the local craftsmen. Another chance for him to make a sale was to the congregation gathered for Sunday morning worship. Although no trade was allowed anywhere during the hours of the service (except at annual fair times), after church there would be some trade at the church door with departing country folk. The trade of markets was almost wholly concerned with exchanging the products of the nearby countryside and the goods sold in the market but particularly in food retail dealing was distrusted as a kind of profiteering. Even when there was enough trade being done to afford a livelihood to an enterprising man ready to buy wholesale and sell retail, town authorities were reluctant to allow it. Yet there were plainly people who were tempted to "forestall the market" by buying goods outside it, and to "regrate" them, that is to resell them, at a higher price. The constantly repeated rules against these practices and the endlessly recurring prosecutions mentioned in the records of all the larger towns prove that some well-informed and sharp-witted people did these things. Every town made its own laws and if it was big enough to have craft guilds, these associations would regulate the business of their members and tried to enforce a strict monopoly of their own trades. Yet while the guild leaders, as craftsmen, followed fiercely protectionist policies, at the same time, as leading townsmen, they wanted to see a big, busy market yielding a handsome revenue in various dues and tolls. Conflicts of interest led to endless, minute regulations, changeable, often inconsistent, frequently absurd. There was a time in the fourteenth century, for example, when London fishmongers were not allowed to handle any fish that had not already been exposed for sale for three days by the men who caught it.We know from Paragraph 1 that craftsmen

A．sold all of their goods on market days.
B．could sell their goods during Sunday morning services.
C．could do trades in neighbour towns freely.
D．didn"t have chance to do trades every day.

单项选择题

Charles Darwin wed his cousin Emma and spawned 10 children, including four brilliant scientists. Albert Einstein"s second wife Elsa was his first cousin. Queen Victoria said "I do" to hers. So have millions worldwide. In parts of Saudi Arabia, 39% of all marriages are between first cousins. In the U. S., though, the practice bears a stigma of inbreeding just this side of incest. The taboo is not only social but legislative; 24 states ban the marriage of first cousins: five others allow it only if the couple is unable to bear children. A major reason for this ban is the belief that kids of first cousins are tragically susceptible to serious congenital illnesses. That view may have to change. A comprehensive study published recently in the Journal of Genetic Counseling indicates such children run an only slightly higher risk of significant genetic disorders like congenital heart defects — about two percentage points above the average 3% to 4%. Says the study"s lead author, Robin Bennett, president-elect of the National Society of Genetic Counselors, which funded the study: "Aside from a thorough medical family history, there is no need to offer any genetic testing on the basis of coasanguinity alone. " Publication of the study will do more than tweak public awareness; it will enlighten doctors who have urged cousin couples not to have children. "Just this week, " says Bennett, "I saw a 23-year-old woman who had had a tubal ligation because her parents were cousins and her doctor told her she shouldn"t have children. " The American proscription against cousin marriages grew in the 19th century as wilderness settlers tried to distinguish themselves from the "savage" Indians, says Martin, author of the book Forbidden Relatives: The American Myth of Cousin Marriage. " The truth is that Europeans were marrying their cousins and Native Americans were not. " And doesn"t God have stern words on the subject Christie Smith, 37, a Nevada writer, says she felt guilty when she fell in love with her first cousin"s son Mark. "I was trying so hard to convince myself not to have these feelings, " she recalls, "that I went to the Bible looking for confirmation that it was wrong. And what I found was the exact opposite: support for cousin marriages. " The patriarch Jacob married two of his first cousins, Rachel and Leah. Smith married Mark in 1999. The medical ban is lifted; the social stain may take longer to disappear.It is suggested in Paragraph 1 and 2 that the cousin marriage

A．resembles incest in nature.
B．puts cousin couples to shame.
C．always causes serious genetic disorders.
D．is a common phenomenon across the world.

单项选择题

Concrete is probably used more widely than any other substance except water, yet it remains largely unappreciated. "Some people view the 20th century as the atomic age, the space age, the computer age — but an argument can be made that it was the concrete age, " says cement specialist Hendrik Van Oss. "It"s a miracle material." Indeed, more than a ton of concrete is produced each year for every man, woman and child on Earth. Yet concrete is generally ignored outside the engineering world, a victim of its own ubiquity and the industry"s conservative pace of development. Now, thanks to environmental pressures and entrepreneurial innovation, a new generation of concretes is emerging. This high-tech assortment of concrete confections promises to be stronger, lighter, and more environmentally friendly than ever before. Concrete is also a climate-change villain. It is made by mixing water with an aggregate, such as sand or gravel, and cement. Cement is usually made by heating limestone and clay to over 2, 500 degrees F. The resulting chemical reaction, along with fuel burned to heat the kiln, produces between 7% and 10% of global carbon-dioxide emissions. "When we have to repeatedly regenerate these materials because they"re not durable, we release more emissions, " says Victor Li who has created a kind of concrete suffused by synthetic fibers that make it stronger, more durable, and able to bend like a metal. Li"s creation does not require reinforcement, a property shared by other concretes that use chemical additives. Using less water makes concrete stronger, but until the development of plasticizers, it also made concrete sticky, dry, and hard to handle, says Christian Meyer, a civil engineering professor at Columbia University. Making stronger concretes, says Li, allows less to be used, reducing waste and giving architects more freedom. "You can have such futuristic designs if you don"t have to put rebar in there, or structural beams, " says Van Oss. A more directly "green" concrete has been developed by the Australian company TecEco. They add magnesium to their cement, forming a porous concrete that actually scrubs carbon dioxide from the air. While experts agree that these new concretes will someday be widely used, the timetable is uncertain. Concrete companies are responsive to environmental concerns and are always looking to stretch the utility of their product, but the construction industry is slow to change. "When you start monkeying around with materials, the governing bodies, the building departments, are very cautious before they let you use an unproven material," Meyer says. In the next few decades, says Van Oss, building codes will change, opening the way for innovative materials. But while new concretes may be stronger and more durable, they are also more expensive — and whether the tendency of developers and the public to focus on short-term rather than long-term costs will also change is another matter.By saying "a victim of its own ubiquity and the industry"s conservative pace of development"(Line 5-6, Para. 1) , the author means that

A．concrete suffers from its widely application as well as the slow development of building industry.
B．concrete is not appreciated because of its dull color and other drawbacks, with little improvement as a building material.
C．slow progress of building industry does harm to the application and popularity of concrete.
D．concrete is ignored because it is conventional with little advance in its technology.

单项选择题

Most towns up to Elizabethan times were smaller than a modern village, and each of them was built a-round its weekly market where local produce was brought for sale and the town folks sold their work to the people from the countryside and provided them with refreshment for the day. Trade was virtually confined to that one day even in a town of a thousand or so people. On market days craftsmen put up their stalls in the open air whilst on one or two other days during the week the townsman would pack up his loaves, or nails, or cloth, and set out early to do a day"s trade in the market of an adjoining town where, however, he would be charged a heavy toll for the privilege and get a less favourable spot for his stand than the local craftsmen. Another chance for him to make a sale was to the congregation gathered for Sunday morning worship. Although no trade was allowed anywhere during the hours of the service (except at annual fair times), after church there would be some trade at the church door with departing country folk. The trade of markets was almost wholly concerned with exchanging the products of the nearby countryside and the goods sold in the market but particularly in food retail dealing was distrusted as a kind of profiteering. Even when there was enough trade being done to afford a livelihood to an enterprising man ready to buy wholesale and sell retail, town authorities were reluctant to allow it. Yet there were plainly people who were tempted to "forestall the market" by buying goods outside it, and to "regrate" them, that is to resell them, at a higher price. The constantly repeated rules against these practices and the endlessly recurring prosecutions mentioned in the records of all the larger towns prove that some well-informed and sharp-witted people did these things. Every town made its own laws and if it was big enough to have craft guilds, these associations would regulate the business of their members and tried to enforce a strict monopoly of their own trades. Yet while the guild leaders, as craftsmen, followed fiercely protectionist policies, at the same time, as leading townsmen, they wanted to see a big, busy market yielding a handsome revenue in various dues and tolls. Conflicts of interest led to endless, minute regulations, changeable, often inconsistent, frequently absurd. There was a time in the fourteenth century, for example, when London fishmongers were not allowed to handle any fish that had not already been exposed for sale for three days by the men who caught it.Craftsmen might prefer to trade in their own town because

A．there they could easily find good refreshment.
B．there they could work in the open air.
C．there they could start work very early.
D．there they could have the well-placed stalls.

单项选择题

Charles Darwin wed his cousin Emma and spawned 10 children, including four brilliant scientists. Albert Einstein"s second wife Elsa was his first cousin. Queen Victoria said "I do" to hers. So have millions worldwide. In parts of Saudi Arabia, 39% of all marriages are between first cousins. In the U. S., though, the practice bears a stigma of inbreeding just this side of incest. The taboo is not only social but legislative; 24 states ban the marriage of first cousins: five others allow it only if the couple is unable to bear children. A major reason for this ban is the belief that kids of first cousins are tragically susceptible to serious congenital illnesses. That view may have to change. A comprehensive study published recently in the Journal of Genetic Counseling indicates such children run an only slightly higher risk of significant genetic disorders like congenital heart defects — about two percentage points above the average 3% to 4%. Says the study"s lead author, Robin Bennett, president-elect of the National Society of Genetic Counselors, which funded the study: "Aside from a thorough medical family history, there is no need to offer any genetic testing on the basis of coasanguinity alone. " Publication of the study will do more than tweak public awareness; it will enlighten doctors who have urged cousin couples not to have children. "Just this week, " says Bennett, "I saw a 23-year-old woman who had had a tubal ligation because her parents were cousins and her doctor told her she shouldn"t have children. " The American proscription against cousin marriages grew in the 19th century as wilderness settlers tried to distinguish themselves from the "savage" Indians, says Martin, author of the book Forbidden Relatives: The American Myth of Cousin Marriage. " The truth is that Europeans were marrying their cousins and Native Americans were not. " And doesn"t God have stern words on the subject Christie Smith, 37, a Nevada writer, says she felt guilty when she fell in love with her first cousin"s son Mark. "I was trying so hard to convince myself not to have these feelings, " she recalls, "that I went to the Bible looking for confirmation that it was wrong. And what I found was the exact opposite: support for cousin marriages. " The patriarch Jacob married two of his first cousins, Rachel and Leah. Smith married Mark in 1999. The medical ban is lifted; the social stain may take longer to disappear.Which of the following is true of the study published in the Journal of Genetic Counseling

A．It suggests kids of first cousins suffer from heart defects.
B．It was funded by its lead author Robin Bennett.
C．It will change people"s opinion of cousin marriages.
D．It has lifted the medical ban and removed the social stain.

单项选择题

The question of where insights come from has become a hot topic in neuroscience, despite the fact that they are not easy to induce experimentally in a laboratory. Dr. Bhattacharya and Dr. Sheth have taken a creative approach. They have selected some brain-teasing but practical problems in the hope that these would get closer to mimicking real insight. To qualify, a puzzle had to be simple, not too widely known and without a methodical solution. The researchers then asked 18 young adults to try to solve these problems while their brainwaves were monitored using an electroencephalograph (EEG). A typical brain-teaser went like this. There are three light switches on the ground-floor wall of a three-storey house. Two of the switches do nothing, but one of them controls a bulb on the second floor. When you begin, the bulb is off. You can only make one visit to the second floor. How do you work out which switch is the one that controls the light This problem, or one equivalent to it, was presented on a computer screen to a volunteer when that volunteer pressed a button. The electrical activity of the volunteer"s brain (his brainwave pattern) was recorded by the EEG from the button"s press. Each volunteer was given 30 seconds to read the puzzle and another 60 to 90 seconds to solve it. Some people worked it out; others did not. The significant point, though, was that the EEG predicted who would fall where. Those volunteers who went on to have an insight (in this case that on their one and only visit to the second floor they could use not just the light but the heat produced by a bulb as evidence of an active switch) had had different brainwave activity from those who never got it. In the right frontal cortex, a part of the brain associated with shifting mental states, there was an increase in high-frequency gamma waves (those with 47~48 cycles a second). Moreover, the difference was noticeable up to eight seconds before the volunteer realised he had found the solution. Dr. Sheth thinks this may be capturing the "transformational thought" in action, before the brain"s "owner" is consciously aware of it. This finding poses fascinating questions about how the brain really works. Conscious thought, it seems, does not solve problems. Instead, unconscious processing happens in the background and only delivers the answer to consciousness once it has been arrived at. Food for further thought, indeed.Which kind of problems can be used in Dr. Bhattacharya and Dr. Sheth"s research

A．Theoretical brain-teasing problems.
B．Simple but rarely known problems.
C．Puzzling but realistic problems.
D．Simple but theoretical problems.

单项选择题

Concrete is probably used more widely than any other substance except water, yet it remains largely unappreciated. "Some people view the 20th century as the atomic age, the space age, the computer age — but an argument can be made that it was the concrete age, " says cement specialist Hendrik Van Oss. "It"s a miracle material." Indeed, more than a ton of concrete is produced each year for every man, woman and child on Earth. Yet concrete is generally ignored outside the engineering world, a victim of its own ubiquity and the industry"s conservative pace of development. Now, thanks to environmental pressures and entrepreneurial innovation, a new generation of concretes is emerging. This high-tech assortment of concrete confections promises to be stronger, lighter, and more environmentally friendly than ever before. Concrete is also a climate-change villain. It is made by mixing water with an aggregate, such as sand or gravel, and cement. Cement is usually made by heating limestone and clay to over 2, 500 degrees F. The resulting chemical reaction, along with fuel burned to heat the kiln, produces between 7% and 10% of global carbon-dioxide emissions. "When we have to repeatedly regenerate these materials because they"re not durable, we release more emissions, " says Victor Li who has created a kind of concrete suffused by synthetic fibers that make it stronger, more durable, and able to bend like a metal. Li"s creation does not require reinforcement, a property shared by other concretes that use chemical additives. Using less water makes concrete stronger, but until the development of plasticizers, it also made concrete sticky, dry, and hard to handle, says Christian Meyer, a civil engineering professor at Columbia University. Making stronger concretes, says Li, allows less to be used, reducing waste and giving architects more freedom. "You can have such futuristic designs if you don"t have to put rebar in there, or structural beams, " says Van Oss. A more directly "green" concrete has been developed by the Australian company TecEco. They add magnesium to their cement, forming a porous concrete that actually scrubs carbon dioxide from the air. While experts agree that these new concretes will someday be widely used, the timetable is uncertain. Concrete companies are responsive to environmental concerns and are always looking to stretch the utility of their product, but the construction industry is slow to change. "When you start monkeying around with materials, the governing bodies, the building departments, are very cautious before they let you use an unproven material," Meyer says. In the next few decades, says Van Oss, building codes will change, opening the way for innovative materials. But while new concretes may be stronger and more durable, they are also more expensive — and whether the tendency of developers and the public to focus on short-term rather than long-term costs will also change is another matter.According to the text, concrete is also a "climate-change villain" mainly because

A．sand or gravel has to be used as an aggregate in the process of mixing.
B．the materials which are used to make concrete are not durable.
C．recycling of concrete is quite difficult when concrete breaks down.
D．chemical reaction in manufacturing cement emits carbon-dioxide world-wide.

单项选择题

Most towns up to Elizabethan times were smaller than a modern village, and each of them was built a-round its weekly market where local produce was brought for sale and the town folks sold their work to the people from the countryside and provided them with refreshment for the day. Trade was virtually confined to that one day even in a town of a thousand or so people. On market days craftsmen put up their stalls in the open air whilst on one or two other days during the week the townsman would pack up his loaves, or nails, or cloth, and set out early to do a day"s trade in the market of an adjoining town where, however, he would be charged a heavy toll for the privilege and get a less favourable spot for his stand than the local craftsmen. Another chance for him to make a sale was to the congregation gathered for Sunday morning worship. Although no trade was allowed anywhere during the hours of the service (except at annual fair times), after church there would be some trade at the church door with departing country folk. The trade of markets was almost wholly concerned with exchanging the products of the nearby countryside and the goods sold in the market but particularly in food retail dealing was distrusted as a kind of profiteering. Even when there was enough trade being done to afford a livelihood to an enterprising man ready to buy wholesale and sell retail, town authorities were reluctant to allow it. Yet there were plainly people who were tempted to "forestall the market" by buying goods outside it, and to "regrate" them, that is to resell them, at a higher price. The constantly repeated rules against these practices and the endlessly recurring prosecutions mentioned in the records of all the larger towns prove that some well-informed and sharp-witted people did these things. Every town made its own laws and if it was big enough to have craft guilds, these associations would regulate the business of their members and tried to enforce a strict monopoly of their own trades. Yet while the guild leaders, as craftsmen, followed fiercely protectionist policies, at the same time, as leading townsmen, they wanted to see a big, busy market yielding a handsome revenue in various dues and tolls. Conflicts of interest led to endless, minute regulations, changeable, often inconsistent, frequently absurd. There was a time in the fourteenth century, for example, when London fishmongers were not allowed to handle any fish that had not already been exposed for sale for three days by the men who caught it.In medieval markets, there was little retail trade because

A．money was never used in sales.
B．producers sold directly to consumers.
C．there was not enough trade being done.
D．town authorities were unwilling to make a profit.

单项选择题

The question of where insights come from has become a hot topic in neuroscience, despite the fact that they are not easy to induce experimentally in a laboratory. Dr. Bhattacharya and Dr. Sheth have taken a creative approach. They have selected some brain-teasing but practical problems in the hope that these would get closer to mimicking real insight. To qualify, a puzzle had to be simple, not too widely known and without a methodical solution. The researchers then asked 18 young adults to try to solve these problems while their brainwaves were monitored using an electroencephalograph (EEG). A typical brain-teaser went like this. There are three light switches on the ground-floor wall of a three-storey house. Two of the switches do nothing, but one of them controls a bulb on the second floor. When you begin, the bulb is off. You can only make one visit to the second floor. How do you work out which switch is the one that controls the light This problem, or one equivalent to it, was presented on a computer screen to a volunteer when that volunteer pressed a button. The electrical activity of the volunteer"s brain (his brainwave pattern) was recorded by the EEG from the button"s press. Each volunteer was given 30 seconds to read the puzzle and another 60 to 90 seconds to solve it. Some people worked it out; others did not. The significant point, though, was that the EEG predicted who would fall where. Those volunteers who went on to have an insight (in this case that on their one and only visit to the second floor they could use not just the light but the heat produced by a bulb as evidence of an active switch) had had different brainwave activity from those who never got it. In the right frontal cortex, a part of the brain associated with shifting mental states, there was an increase in high-frequency gamma waves (those with 47~48 cycles a second). Moreover, the difference was noticeable up to eight seconds before the volunteer realised he had found the solution. Dr. Sheth thinks this may be capturing the "transformational thought" in action, before the brain"s "owner" is consciously aware of it. This finding poses fascinating questions about how the brain really works. Conscious thought, it seems, does not solve problems. Instead, unconscious processing happens in the background and only delivers the answer to consciousness once it has been arrived at. Food for further thought, indeed.Through which character of the brain did the scientists study the brain

A．The brainwave pattern.
B．The EEG.
C．The right frontal cortex.
D．The transformational thought.

单项选择题

Charles Darwin wed his cousin Emma and spawned 10 children, including four brilliant scientists. Albert Einstein"s second wife Elsa was his first cousin. Queen Victoria said "I do" to hers. So have millions worldwide. In parts of Saudi Arabia, 39% of all marriages are between first cousins. In the U. S., though, the practice bears a stigma of inbreeding just this side of incest. The taboo is not only social but legislative; 24 states ban the marriage of first cousins: five others allow it only if the couple is unable to bear children. A major reason for this ban is the belief that kids of first cousins are tragically susceptible to serious congenital illnesses. That view may have to change. A comprehensive study published recently in the Journal of Genetic Counseling indicates such children run an only slightly higher risk of significant genetic disorders like congenital heart defects — about two percentage points above the average 3% to 4%. Says the study"s lead author, Robin Bennett, president-elect of the National Society of Genetic Counselors, which funded the study: "Aside from a thorough medical family history, there is no need to offer any genetic testing on the basis of coasanguinity alone. " Publication of the study will do more than tweak public awareness; it will enlighten doctors who have urged cousin couples not to have children. "Just this week, " says Bennett, "I saw a 23-year-old woman who had had a tubal ligation because her parents were cousins and her doctor told her she shouldn"t have children. " The American proscription against cousin marriages grew in the 19th century as wilderness settlers tried to distinguish themselves from the "savage" Indians, says Martin, author of the book Forbidden Relatives: The American Myth of Cousin Marriage. " The truth is that Europeans were marrying their cousins and Native Americans were not. " And doesn"t God have stern words on the subject Christie Smith, 37, a Nevada writer, says she felt guilty when she fell in love with her first cousin"s son Mark. "I was trying so hard to convince myself not to have these feelings, " she recalls, "that I went to the Bible looking for confirmation that it was wrong. And what I found was the exact opposite: support for cousin marriages. " The patriarch Jacob married two of his first cousins, Rachel and Leah. Smith married Mark in 1999. The medical ban is lifted; the social stain may take longer to disappear.The word "consanguinity" (Line 5, Para. 3) is closest in meaning to

A．cousin.
B．kinship.
C．congenital.
D．genetic disorders.

单项选择题

Most towns up to Elizabethan times were smaller than a modern village, and each of them was built a-round its weekly market where local produce was brought for sale and the town folks sold their work to the people from the countryside and provided them with refreshment for the day. Trade was virtually confined to that one day even in a town of a thousand or so people. On market days craftsmen put up their stalls in the open air whilst on one or two other days during the week the townsman would pack up his loaves, or nails, or cloth, and set out early to do a day"s trade in the market of an adjoining town where, however, he would be charged a heavy toll for the privilege and get a less favourable spot for his stand than the local craftsmen. Another chance for him to make a sale was to the congregation gathered for Sunday morning worship. Although no trade was allowed anywhere during the hours of the service (except at annual fair times), after church there would be some trade at the church door with departing country folk. The trade of markets was almost wholly concerned with exchanging the products of the nearby countryside and the goods sold in the market but particularly in food retail dealing was distrusted as a kind of profiteering. Even when there was enough trade being done to afford a livelihood to an enterprising man ready to buy wholesale and sell retail, town authorities were reluctant to allow it. Yet there were plainly people who were tempted to "forestall the market" by buying goods outside it, and to "regrate" them, that is to resell them, at a higher price. The constantly repeated rules against these practices and the endlessly recurring prosecutions mentioned in the records of all the larger towns prove that some well-informed and sharp-witted people did these things. Every town made its own laws and if it was big enough to have craft guilds, these associations would regulate the business of their members and tried to enforce a strict monopoly of their own trades. Yet while the guild leaders, as craftsmen, followed fiercely protectionist policies, at the same time, as leading townsmen, they wanted to see a big, busy market yielding a handsome revenue in various dues and tolls. Conflicts of interest led to endless, minute regulations, changeable, often inconsistent, frequently absurd. There was a time in the fourteenth century, for example, when London fishmongers were not allowed to handle any fish that had not already been exposed for sale for three days by the men who caught it.The expression "forestall the market"(Line 1, Para. 3) probably means

A．to buy goods from a stall outside the market place.
B．to acquire goods in quantity before the market.
C．to have the best and the first stall in the market.
D．to sell at a higher price than competitors.

单项选择题

Concrete is probably used more widely than any other substance except water, yet it remains largely unappreciated. "Some people view the 20th century as the atomic age, the space age, the computer age — but an argument can be made that it was the concrete age, " says cement specialist Hendrik Van Oss. "It"s a miracle material." Indeed, more than a ton of concrete is produced each year for every man, woman and child on Earth. Yet concrete is generally ignored outside the engineering world, a victim of its own ubiquity and the industry"s conservative pace of development. Now, thanks to environmental pressures and entrepreneurial innovation, a new generation of concretes is emerging. This high-tech assortment of concrete confections promises to be stronger, lighter, and more environmentally friendly than ever before. Concrete is also a climate-change villain. It is made by mixing water with an aggregate, such as sand or gravel, and cement. Cement is usually made by heating limestone and clay to over 2, 500 degrees F. The resulting chemical reaction, along with fuel burned to heat the kiln, produces between 7% and 10% of global carbon-dioxide emissions. "When we have to repeatedly regenerate these materials because they"re not durable, we release more emissions, " says Victor Li who has created a kind of concrete suffused by synthetic fibers that make it stronger, more durable, and able to bend like a metal. Li"s creation does not require reinforcement, a property shared by other concretes that use chemical additives. Using less water makes concrete stronger, but until the development of plasticizers, it also made concrete sticky, dry, and hard to handle, says Christian Meyer, a civil engineering professor at Columbia University. Making stronger concretes, says Li, allows less to be used, reducing waste and giving architects more freedom. "You can have such futuristic designs if you don"t have to put rebar in there, or structural beams, " says Van Oss. A more directly "green" concrete has been developed by the Australian company TecEco. They add magnesium to their cement, forming a porous concrete that actually scrubs carbon dioxide from the air. While experts agree that these new concretes will someday be widely used, the timetable is uncertain. Concrete companies are responsive to environmental concerns and are always looking to stretch the utility of their product, but the construction industry is slow to change. "When you start monkeying around with materials, the governing bodies, the building departments, are very cautious before they let you use an unproven material," Meyer says. In the next few decades, says Van Oss, building codes will change, opening the way for innovative materials. But while new concretes may be stronger and more durable, they are also more expensive — and whether the tendency of developers and the public to focus on short-term rather than long-term costs will also change is another matter.Which of the following is true about Li"s new "green" concrete

A．The new concrete will greatly reduce the cost of production and construction.
B．Traditional concrete is stronger, lighter and climate-friendly compared with new concrete.
C．Traditional concrete grants more freedom in design and construction compared with new concrete.
D．The new concrete requires no reinforcement in preparation.

单项选择题

The question of where insights come from has become a hot topic in neuroscience, despite the fact that they are not easy to induce experimentally in a laboratory. Dr. Bhattacharya and Dr. Sheth have taken a creative approach. They have selected some brain-teasing but practical problems in the hope that these would get closer to mimicking real insight. To qualify, a puzzle had to be simple, not too widely known and without a methodical solution. The researchers then asked 18 young adults to try to solve these problems while their brainwaves were monitored using an electroencephalograph (EEG). A typical brain-teaser went like this. There are three light switches on the ground-floor wall of a three-storey house. Two of the switches do nothing, but one of them controls a bulb on the second floor. When you begin, the bulb is off. You can only make one visit to the second floor. How do you work out which switch is the one that controls the light This problem, or one equivalent to it, was presented on a computer screen to a volunteer when that volunteer pressed a button. The electrical activity of the volunteer"s brain (his brainwave pattern) was recorded by the EEG from the button"s press. Each volunteer was given 30 seconds to read the puzzle and another 60 to 90 seconds to solve it. Some people worked it out; others did not. The significant point, though, was that the EEG predicted who would fall where. Those volunteers who went on to have an insight (in this case that on their one and only visit to the second floor they could use not just the light but the heat produced by a bulb as evidence of an active switch) had had different brainwave activity from those who never got it. In the right frontal cortex, a part of the brain associated with shifting mental states, there was an increase in high-frequency gamma waves (those with 47~48 cycles a second). Moreover, the difference was noticeable up to eight seconds before the volunteer realised he had found the solution. Dr. Sheth thinks this may be capturing the "transformational thought" in action, before the brain"s "owner" is consciously aware of it. This finding poses fascinating questions about how the brain really works. Conscious thought, it seems, does not solve problems. Instead, unconscious processing happens in the background and only delivers the answer to consciousness once it has been arrived at. Food for further thought, indeed.The EEG would predict the success of a volunteer

A．when his brainwave activity differed from others.
B．when he had a stable high-frequency gamma waves.
C．when his brainwave activity became abnormal.
D．when he had an increase in some kind of brainwaves.

单项选择题

Charles Darwin wed his cousin Emma and spawned 10 children, including four brilliant scientists. Albert Einstein"s second wife Elsa was his first cousin. Queen Victoria said "I do" to hers. So have millions worldwide. In parts of Saudi Arabia, 39% of all marriages are between first cousins. In the U. S., though, the practice bears a stigma of inbreeding just this side of incest. The taboo is not only social but legislative; 24 states ban the marriage of first cousins: five others allow it only if the couple is unable to bear children. A major reason for this ban is the belief that kids of first cousins are tragically susceptible to serious congenital illnesses. That view may have to change. A comprehensive study published recently in the Journal of Genetic Counseling indicates such children run an only slightly higher risk of significant genetic disorders like congenital heart defects — about two percentage points above the average 3% to 4%. Says the study"s lead author, Robin Bennett, president-elect of the National Society of Genetic Counselors, which funded the study: "Aside from a thorough medical family history, there is no need to offer any genetic testing on the basis of coasanguinity alone. " Publication of the study will do more than tweak public awareness; it will enlighten doctors who have urged cousin couples not to have children. "Just this week, " says Bennett, "I saw a 23-year-old woman who had had a tubal ligation because her parents were cousins and her doctor told her she shouldn"t have children. " The American proscription against cousin marriages grew in the 19th century as wilderness settlers tried to distinguish themselves from the "savage" Indians, says Martin, author of the book Forbidden Relatives: The American Myth of Cousin Marriage. " The truth is that Europeans were marrying their cousins and Native Americans were not. " And doesn"t God have stern words on the subject Christie Smith, 37, a Nevada writer, says she felt guilty when she fell in love with her first cousin"s son Mark. "I was trying so hard to convince myself not to have these feelings, " she recalls, "that I went to the Bible looking for confirmation that it was wrong. And what I found was the exact opposite: support for cousin marriages. " The patriarch Jacob married two of his first cousins, Rachel and Leah. Smith married Mark in 1999. The medical ban is lifted; the social stain may take longer to disappear.Why did Christie Smith resort to the Bible

A．Because God has stern words on cousin marriages.
B．Because the Bible supports cousin marriages.
C．Because she felt guilty falling in love with her cousin"s son.
D．Because she wanted to know God"s words on cousin marriages.

单项选择题

Most towns up to Elizabethan times were smaller than a modern village, and each of them was built a-round its weekly market where local produce was brought for sale and the town folks sold their work to the people from the countryside and provided them with refreshment for the day. Trade was virtually confined to that one day even in a town of a thousand or so people. On market days craftsmen put up their stalls in the open air whilst on one or two other days during the week the townsman would pack up his loaves, or nails, or cloth, and set out early to do a day"s trade in the market of an adjoining town where, however, he would be charged a heavy toll for the privilege and get a less favourable spot for his stand than the local craftsmen. Another chance for him to make a sale was to the congregation gathered for Sunday morning worship. Although no trade was allowed anywhere during the hours of the service (except at annual fair times), after church there would be some trade at the church door with departing country folk. The trade of markets was almost wholly concerned with exchanging the products of the nearby countryside and the goods sold in the market but particularly in food retail dealing was distrusted as a kind of profiteering. Even when there was enough trade being done to afford a livelihood to an enterprising man ready to buy wholesale and sell retail, town authorities were reluctant to allow it. Yet there were plainly people who were tempted to "forestall the market" by buying goods outside it, and to "regrate" them, that is to resell them, at a higher price. The constantly repeated rules against these practices and the endlessly recurring prosecutions mentioned in the records of all the larger towns prove that some well-informed and sharp-witted people did these things. Every town made its own laws and if it was big enough to have craft guilds, these associations would regulate the business of their members and tried to enforce a strict monopoly of their own trades. Yet while the guild leaders, as craftsmen, followed fiercely protectionist policies, at the same time, as leading townsmen, they wanted to see a big, busy market yielding a handsome revenue in various dues and tolls. Conflicts of interest led to endless, minute regulations, changeable, often inconsistent, frequently absurd. There was a time in the fourteenth century, for example, when London fishmongers were not allowed to handle any fish that had not already been exposed for sale for three days by the men who caught it.It is suggested in the last paragraph that craft guilds

A．enforced regulations that were unfair and unreasonable.
B．enforced regulations in the interest of the customers.
C．regulated the business of their town to profit the craftsmen.
D．were developed to forbid the monopoly.

单项选择题

Concrete is probably used more widely than any other substance except water, yet it remains largely unappreciated. "Some people view the 20th century as the atomic age, the space age, the computer age — but an argument can be made that it was the concrete age, " says cement specialist Hendrik Van Oss. "It"s a miracle material." Indeed, more than a ton of concrete is produced each year for every man, woman and child on Earth. Yet concrete is generally ignored outside the engineering world, a victim of its own ubiquity and the industry"s conservative pace of development. Now, thanks to environmental pressures and entrepreneurial innovation, a new generation of concretes is emerging. This high-tech assortment of concrete confections promises to be stronger, lighter, and more environmentally friendly than ever before. Concrete is also a climate-change villain. It is made by mixing water with an aggregate, such as sand or gravel, and cement. Cement is usually made by heating limestone and clay to over 2, 500 degrees F. The resulting chemical reaction, along with fuel burned to heat the kiln, produces between 7% and 10% of global carbon-dioxide emissions. "When we have to repeatedly regenerate these materials because they"re not durable, we release more emissions, " says Victor Li who has created a kind of concrete suffused by synthetic fibers that make it stronger, more durable, and able to bend like a metal. Li"s creation does not require reinforcement, a property shared by other concretes that use chemical additives. Using less water makes concrete stronger, but until the development of plasticizers, it also made concrete sticky, dry, and hard to handle, says Christian Meyer, a civil engineering professor at Columbia University. Making stronger concretes, says Li, allows less to be used, reducing waste and giving architects more freedom. "You can have such futuristic designs if you don"t have to put rebar in there, or structural beams, " says Van Oss. A more directly "green" concrete has been developed by the Australian company TecEco. They add magnesium to their cement, forming a porous concrete that actually scrubs carbon dioxide from the air. While experts agree that these new concretes will someday be widely used, the timetable is uncertain. Concrete companies are responsive to environmental concerns and are always looking to stretch the utility of their product, but the construction industry is slow to change. "When you start monkeying around with materials, the governing bodies, the building departments, are very cautious before they let you use an unproven material," Meyer says. In the next few decades, says Van Oss, building codes will change, opening the way for innovative materials. But while new concretes may be stronger and more durable, they are also more expensive — and whether the tendency of developers and the public to focus on short-term rather than long-term costs will also change is another matter.The last sentence of the text shows that

A．Van Oss has full confidence in the developers and the public in using new concrete.
B．Van Oss is pessimistic about the future development of greener concrete.
C．Van Oss is hostile to the attitudes of developers and the public.
D．Van Oss feels that people should be patient to wait for the change of the public attitude.

单项选择题

The question of where insights come from has become a hot topic in neuroscience, despite the fact that they are not easy to induce experimentally in a laboratory. Dr. Bhattacharya and Dr. Sheth have taken a creative approach. They have selected some brain-teasing but practical problems in the hope that these would get closer to mimicking real insight. To qualify, a puzzle had to be simple, not too widely known and without a methodical solution. The researchers then asked 18 young adults to try to solve these problems while their brainwaves were monitored using an electroencephalograph (EEG). A typical brain-teaser went like this. There are three light switches on the ground-floor wall of a three-storey house. Two of the switches do nothing, but one of them controls a bulb on the second floor. When you begin, the bulb is off. You can only make one visit to the second floor. How do you work out which switch is the one that controls the light This problem, or one equivalent to it, was presented on a computer screen to a volunteer when that volunteer pressed a button. The electrical activity of the volunteer"s brain (his brainwave pattern) was recorded by the EEG from the button"s press. Each volunteer was given 30 seconds to read the puzzle and another 60 to 90 seconds to solve it. Some people worked it out; others did not. The significant point, though, was that the EEG predicted who would fall where. Those volunteers who went on to have an insight (in this case that on their one and only visit to the second floor they could use not just the light but the heat produced by a bulb as evidence of an active switch) had had different brainwave activity from those who never got it. In the right frontal cortex, a part of the brain associated with shifting mental states, there was an increase in high-frequency gamma waves (those with 47~48 cycles a second). Moreover, the difference was noticeable up to eight seconds before the volunteer realised he had found the solution. Dr. Sheth thinks this may be capturing the "transformational thought" in action, before the brain"s "owner" is consciously aware of it. This finding poses fascinating questions about how the brain really works. Conscious thought, it seems, does not solve problems. Instead, unconscious processing happens in the background and only delivers the answer to consciousness once it has been arrived at. Food for further thought, indeed.How do brains work according to the text

A．Brains decide according to the consciousness.
B．Brains decide according to the subconsciousness.
C．Brains decide before their owners know about it.
D．Brains decide after their owners know about it.

单项选择题

Charles Darwin wed his cousin Emma and spawned 10 children, including four brilliant scientists. Albert Einstein"s second wife Elsa was his first cousin. Queen Victoria said "I do" to hers. So have millions worldwide. In parts of Saudi Arabia, 39% of all marriages are between first cousins. In the U. S., though, the practice bears a stigma of inbreeding just this side of incest. The taboo is not only social but legislative; 24 states ban the marriage of first cousins: five others allow it only if the couple is unable to bear children. A major reason for this ban is the belief that kids of first cousins are tragically susceptible to serious congenital illnesses. That view may have to change. A comprehensive study published recently in the Journal of Genetic Counseling indicates such children run an only slightly higher risk of significant genetic disorders like congenital heart defects — about two percentage points above the average 3% to 4%. Says the study"s lead author, Robin Bennett, president-elect of the National Society of Genetic Counselors, which funded the study: "Aside from a thorough medical family history, there is no need to offer any genetic testing on the basis of coasanguinity alone. " Publication of the study will do more than tweak public awareness; it will enlighten doctors who have urged cousin couples not to have children. "Just this week, " says Bennett, "I saw a 23-year-old woman who had had a tubal ligation because her parents were cousins and her doctor told her she shouldn"t have children. " The American proscription against cousin marriages grew in the 19th century as wilderness settlers tried to distinguish themselves from the "savage" Indians, says Martin, author of the book Forbidden Relatives: The American Myth of Cousin Marriage. " The truth is that Europeans were marrying their cousins and Native Americans were not. " And doesn"t God have stern words on the subject Christie Smith, 37, a Nevada writer, says she felt guilty when she fell in love with her first cousin"s son Mark. "I was trying so hard to convince myself not to have these feelings, " she recalls, "that I went to the Bible looking for confirmation that it was wrong. And what I found was the exact opposite: support for cousin marriages. " The patriarch Jacob married two of his first cousins, Rachel and Leah. Smith married Mark in 1999. The medical ban is lifted; the social stain may take longer to disappear.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that

A．the ban on cousin marriages is lifted.
B．cousin marriages are permitted again.
C．the prejudice against cousin marriages dies hard.
D．cousin marriages may not be as bad as people think.

单项选择题

The question of where insights come from has become a hot topic in neuroscience, despite the fact that they are not easy to induce experimentally in a laboratory. Dr. Bhattacharya and Dr. Sheth have taken a creative approach. They have selected some brain-teasing but practical problems in the hope that these would get closer to mimicking real insight. To qualify, a puzzle had to be simple, not too widely known and without a methodical solution. The researchers then asked 18 young adults to try to solve these problems while their brainwaves were monitored using an electroencephalograph (EEG). A typical brain-teaser went like this. There are three light switches on the ground-floor wall of a three-storey house. Two of the switches do nothing, but one of them controls a bulb on the second floor. When you begin, the bulb is off. You can only make one visit to the second floor. How do you work out which switch is the one that controls the light This problem, or one equivalent to it, was presented on a computer screen to a volunteer when that volunteer pressed a button. The electrical activity of the volunteer"s brain (his brainwave pattern) was recorded by the EEG from the button"s press. Each volunteer was given 30 seconds to read the puzzle and another 60 to 90 seconds to solve it. Some people worked it out; others did not. The significant point, though, was that the EEG predicted who would fall where. Those volunteers who went on to have an insight (in this case that on their one and only visit to the second floor they could use not just the light but the heat produced by a bulb as evidence of an active switch) had had different brainwave activity from those who never got it. In the right frontal cortex, a part of the brain associated with shifting mental states, there was an increase in high-frequency gamma waves (those with 47~48 cycles a second). Moreover, the difference was noticeable up to eight seconds before the volunteer realised he had found the solution. Dr. Sheth thinks this may be capturing the "transformational thought" in action, before the brain"s "owner" is consciously aware of it. This finding poses fascinating questions about how the brain really works. Conscious thought, it seems, does not solve problems. Instead, unconscious processing happens in the background and only delivers the answer to consciousness once it has been arrived at. Food for further thought, indeed.Dr. Bhattacharya and Dr. Sheth"s answer to the question in the first paragraph may be that

A．it is still not clear to scientists.
B．it comes from subconsciousness.
C．it comes from consciousness.
D．it is a question of no answer.

问答题

In Plato"s Utopia, here are three classes: the common people, the soldiers, and the guardians chosen by the legislator. The main problem, as Plato perceives, is to insure that the guardians shall carry out the intention of the legislator. For this purpose the first thing he proposes is education. Education is divided into two parts, music and gymnastics. (46) Each has a wider meaning than at present: "music" means everything that is in the province of the muses, and "gymnastics" means everything concerned with physical training fitness. "Music" is almost as wide as what is now called "culture", and "gymnastics" is somewhat wider than what "athletics" means in the modern sense. Culture is to be devoted to making men gentlemen, in the sense which, largely owing to Plato, is familiar in England. The Athens of his day was, in one respect, analogous to England in the nineteenth century: (47) there was in each an aristocracy enjoying wealth and social prestige, but having no monopoly of political power; and in each the aristocracy had to secure as much power as it could by means of impressive behavior. In Plato"s Utopia, however, the aristocracy rules unchecked. Gravity, decorum and courage seem to be the qualities mainly to be cultivated in education. (48) There is to be a rigid censorship from very early years over the literature to which the young have access and the music they are allowed to hear. Mothers and nurses are to tell their children only authorized stories. Also, there is a censorship of music. The Lydian and Ionian harmonies are to be forbidden, the first because it expresses sorrow, the second because it is relaxed. (49) Only the Dorian (for courage) and the Phrygian (for temperance) are to be allowed, and permissible rhythms must be simple, and such as are expressive of a courageous and harmonious life. As for gymnastics, the training of the body is to be very austere. No one is to eat fish, or meat cooked otherwise than roasted, and there must be no sauces or candies. People brought up on his regimen, he says, will have no need of doctors. Gymnastics applies to the training of mind as well. Up to a certain age, the young are to see no ugliness or vice. (50) But at a suitable moment, they must be exposed to "enchantments", both in the shape of terrors that must not terrify, and of bad pleasures that must not seduce the will. Only after they have withstood these tests will they be judged fit to be guardians.

答案：正确答案：Each has a wider meaning than at present：“music”means e...

问答题

In Plato"s Utopia, here are three classes: the common people, the soldiers, and the guardians chosen by the legislator. The main problem, as Plato perceives, is to insure that the guardians shall carry out the intention of the legislator. For this purpose the first thing he proposes is education. Education is divided into two parts, music and gymnastics. (46) Each has a wider meaning than at present: "music" means everything that is in the province of the muses, and "gymnastics" means everything concerned with physical training fitness. "Music" is almost as wide as what is now called "culture", and "gymnastics" is somewhat wider than what "athletics" means in the modern sense. Culture is to be devoted to making men gentlemen, in the sense which, largely owing to Plato, is familiar in England. The Athens of his day was, in one respect, analogous to England in the nineteenth century: (47) there was in each an aristocracy enjoying wealth and social prestige, but having no monopoly of political power; and in each the aristocracy had to secure as much power as it could by means of impressive behavior. In Plato"s Utopia, however, the aristocracy rules unchecked. Gravity, decorum and courage seem to be the qualities mainly to be cultivated in education. (48) There is to be a rigid censorship from very early years over the literature to which the young have access and the music they are allowed to hear. Mothers and nurses are to tell their children only authorized stories. Also, there is a censorship of music. The Lydian and Ionian harmonies are to be forbidden, the first because it expresses sorrow, the second because it is relaxed. (49) Only the Dorian (for courage) and the Phrygian (for temperance) are to be allowed, and permissible rhythms must be simple, and such as are expressive of a courageous and harmonious life. As for gymnastics, the training of the body is to be very austere. No one is to eat fish, or meat cooked otherwise than roasted, and there must be no sauces or candies. People brought up on his regimen, he says, will have no need of doctors. Gymnastics applies to the training of mind as well. Up to a certain age, the young are to see no ugliness or vice. (50) But at a suitable moment, they must be exposed to "enchantments", both in the shape of terrors that must not terrify, and of bad pleasures that must not seduce the will. Only after they have withstood these tests will they be judged fit to be guardians.

答案：正确答案：There was in each an aristocracy enjoying wealth and so...

问答题

In Plato"s Utopia, here are three classes: the common people, the soldiers, and the guardians chosen by the legislator. The main problem, as Plato perceives, is to insure that the guardians shall carry out the intention of the legislator. For this purpose the first thing he proposes is education. Education is divided into two parts, music and gymnastics. (46) Each has a wider meaning than at present: "music" means everything that is in the province of the muses, and "gymnastics" means everything concerned with physical training fitness. "Music" is almost as wide as what is now called "culture", and "gymnastics" is somewhat wider than what "athletics" means in the modern sense. Culture is to be devoted to making men gentlemen, in the sense which, largely owing to Plato, is familiar in England. The Athens of his day was, in one respect, analogous to England in the nineteenth century: (47) there was in each an aristocracy enjoying wealth and social prestige, but having no monopoly of political power; and in each the aristocracy had to secure as much power as it could by means of impressive behavior. In Plato"s Utopia, however, the aristocracy rules unchecked. Gravity, decorum and courage seem to be the qualities mainly to be cultivated in education. (48) There is to be a rigid censorship from very early years over the literature to which the young have access and the music they are allowed to hear. Mothers and nurses are to tell their children only authorized stories. Also, there is a censorship of music. The Lydian and Ionian harmonies are to be forbidden, the first because it expresses sorrow, the second because it is relaxed. (49) Only the Dorian (for courage) and the Phrygian (for temperance) are to be allowed, and permissible rhythms must be simple, and such as are expressive of a courageous and harmonious life. As for gymnastics, the training of the body is to be very austere. No one is to eat fish, or meat cooked otherwise than roasted, and there must be no sauces or candies. People brought up on his regimen, he says, will have no need of doctors. Gymnastics applies to the training of mind as well. Up to a certain age, the young are to see no ugliness or vice. (50) But at a suitable moment, they must be exposed to "enchantments", both in the shape of terrors that must not terrify, and of bad pleasures that must not seduce the will. Only after they have withstood these tests will they be judged fit to be guardians.

答案：正确答案：There is to be a rigid censorship from very early years...

问答题

In Plato"s Utopia, here are three classes: the common people, the soldiers, and the guardians chosen by the legislator. The main problem, as Plato perceives, is to insure that the guardians shall carry out the intention of the legislator. For this purpose the first thing he proposes is education. Education is divided into two parts, music and gymnastics. (46) Each has a wider meaning than at present: "music" means everything that is in the province of the muses, and "gymnastics" means everything concerned with physical training fitness. "Music" is almost as wide as what is now called "culture", and "gymnastics" is somewhat wider than what "athletics" means in the modern sense. Culture is to be devoted to making men gentlemen, in the sense which, largely owing to Plato, is familiar in England. The Athens of his day was, in one respect, analogous to England in the nineteenth century: (47) there was in each an aristocracy enjoying wealth and social prestige, but having no monopoly of political power; and in each the aristocracy had to secure as much power as it could by means of impressive behavior. In Plato"s Utopia, however, the aristocracy rules unchecked. Gravity, decorum and courage seem to be the qualities mainly to be cultivated in education. (48) There is to be a rigid censorship from very early years over the literature to which the young have access and the music they are allowed to hear. Mothers and nurses are to tell their children only authorized stories. Also, there is a censorship of music. The Lydian and Ionian harmonies are to be forbidden, the first because it expresses sorrow, the second because it is relaxed. (49) Only the Dorian (for courage) and the Phrygian (for temperance) are to be allowed, and permissible rhythms must be simple, and such as are expressive of a courageous and harmonious life. As for gymnastics, the training of the body is to be very austere. No one is to eat fish, or meat cooked otherwise than roasted, and there must be no sauces or candies. People brought up on his regimen, he says, will have no need of doctors. Gymnastics applies to the training of mind as well. Up to a certain age, the young are to see no ugliness or vice. (50) But at a suitable moment, they must be exposed to "enchantments", both in the shape of terrors that must not terrify, and of bad pleasures that must not seduce the will. Only after they have withstood these tests will they be judged fit to be guardians.

答案：正确答案：Only the Dorian(for courage)and the Phrygian(for temper...

问答题

[A] Negotiation Is a Two-way Street[B] Correct Common Negotiation Mistakes[C] Do the Right Kind of Homework[D] Don"t Be Afraid to Have Difficult Conversations[E] Tactic Is Dictated by Situation[F] Try to Ask Good Questions[G] Deal with Issues Upfront "Most people think of negotiation only when they need to get something more, " says Tammy Lenski, a professional mediator who helps universities and businesses nationwide with conflict management. "The reality is that at work, pretty much every conversation is a negotiation. You"re negotiating deadlines, the quality level, what might be taken off your plate to make room for this priority project and what benefit you might get for taking on that project. The minute you walk into the workplace in the morning, you"re negotiating. " Here are some of Lenski"s tips on becoming a good negotiator — and improving your situation at work:41. People either are too confrontational or cave in because they"re afraid to ask some basic questions. "If people think of a negotiation more as a conversation than something that needs to be won, they"ll do much better, " says Tammy Lenski.42. Playing hardball in the office can backfire when you need to work with your coworkers every day. "You have an ongoing relationship with these folks, and you"re trying to not leave debris, " Lenski says. "People need to stop thinking about negotiating as getting more of what I need, which means getting less of what you need." Instead, find out the other person"s needs, and try to come to a conclusion that helps both of you. "The best negotiating is using the really good human relation skills in an effective way, " Lenski says. "It isn"t about pushing or convincing or manipulating the other person. It"s about having them figure out what they want and how you can help them get it. "43. In negotiations, you know what you want. But you also need to find out what the other side wants in return. It"s most efficient if you just ask openly. When starting her private practice 10 years ago, Lenski presented her fee to provide conflict-management services to a company in turmoil. The department head asked her to slash her price 20 percent. Lenski said this was her bottom-line number, but the department head said everything is negotiable. Lenski then asked the essential question: "Why do you believe everything is negotiable" The department head explained the head of finance would ask if she bargained and got a good deal. At that point, Lenski crossed out the original fee and wrote a new one that was about 25 percent higher. "Will this work" she asked. The department head said, "Well, I"ll have to offer you 20 percent less than that. " And they had a deal.44. Instead of keeping quiet and thus becoming resentful, "negotiating is figuring out how to raise the things that are bothering you so they can be sorted out, " Lenski says. Instead of just thinking about what might make it difficult to accomplish your goal, talk with your boss about those issues right away. "It"s much more helpful in general to think about under what conditions you might make it possible, and how can you help me do that," Lenski says.45. Lenski says people tend to waste a lot of time worrying about scary negotiation scenarios. "They go into it thinking about all the ways it can go wrong," she says, even though the negotiation generally turns out much better than expected. "Instead, they should spend their time thinking of it from the perspective of the other person. What would make them want to join with you to figure things out Not what will make them change their mind, but what will make them want to sort this out with me. Invite them into joint problem-solving. "

答案：正确答案：B

问答题

In Plato"s Utopia, here are three classes: the common people, the soldiers, and the guardians chosen by the legislator. The main problem, as Plato perceives, is to insure that the guardians shall carry out the intention of the legislator. For this purpose the first thing he proposes is education. Education is divided into two parts, music and gymnastics. (46) Each has a wider meaning than at present: "music" means everything that is in the province of the muses, and "gymnastics" means everything concerned with physical training fitness. "Music" is almost as wide as what is now called "culture", and "gymnastics" is somewhat wider than what "athletics" means in the modern sense. Culture is to be devoted to making men gentlemen, in the sense which, largely owing to Plato, is familiar in England. The Athens of his day was, in one respect, analogous to England in the nineteenth century: (47) there was in each an aristocracy enjoying wealth and social prestige, but having no monopoly of political power; and in each the aristocracy had to secure as much power as it could by means of impressive behavior. In Plato"s Utopia, however, the aristocracy rules unchecked. Gravity, decorum and courage seem to be the qualities mainly to be cultivated in education. (48) There is to be a rigid censorship from very early years over the literature to which the young have access and the music they are allowed to hear. Mothers and nurses are to tell their children only authorized stories. Also, there is a censorship of music. The Lydian and Ionian harmonies are to be forbidden, the first because it expresses sorrow, the second because it is relaxed. (49) Only the Dorian (for courage) and the Phrygian (for temperance) are to be allowed, and permissible rhythms must be simple, and such as are expressive of a courageous and harmonious life. As for gymnastics, the training of the body is to be very austere. No one is to eat fish, or meat cooked otherwise than roasted, and there must be no sauces or candies. People brought up on his regimen, he says, will have no need of doctors. Gymnastics applies to the training of mind as well. Up to a certain age, the young are to see no ugliness or vice. (50) But at a suitable moment, they must be exposed to "enchantments", both in the shape of terrors that must not terrify, and of bad pleasures that must not seduce the will. Only after they have withstood these tests will they be judged fit to be guardians.

答案：正确答案：But at a suitable moment，they must be exposed to“enchan...

问答题

[A] Negotiation Is a Two-way Street[B] Correct Common Negotiation Mistakes[C] Do the Right Kind of Homework[D] Don"t Be Afraid to Have Difficult Conversations[E] Tactic Is Dictated by Situation[F] Try to Ask Good Questions[G] Deal with Issues Upfront "Most people think of negotiation only when they need to get something more, " says Tammy Lenski, a professional mediator who helps universities and businesses nationwide with conflict management. "The reality is that at work, pretty much every conversation is a negotiation. You"re negotiating deadlines, the quality level, what might be taken off your plate to make room for this priority project and what benefit you might get for taking on that project. The minute you walk into the workplace in the morning, you"re negotiating. " Here are some of Lenski"s tips on becoming a good negotiator — and improving your situation at work:41. People either are too confrontational or cave in because they"re afraid to ask some basic questions. "If people think of a negotiation more as a conversation than something that needs to be won, they"ll do much better, " says Tammy Lenski.42. Playing hardball in the office can backfire when you need to work with your coworkers every day. "You have an ongoing relationship with these folks, and you"re trying to not leave debris, " Lenski says. "People need to stop thinking about negotiating as getting more of what I need, which means getting less of what you need." Instead, find out the other person"s needs, and try to come to a conclusion that helps both of you. "The best negotiating is using the really good human relation skills in an effective way, " Lenski says. "It isn"t about pushing or convincing or manipulating the other person. It"s about having them figure out what they want and how you can help them get it. "43. In negotiations, you know what you want. But you also need to find out what the other side wants in return. It"s most efficient if you just ask openly. When starting her private practice 10 years ago, Lenski presented her fee to provide conflict-management services to a company in turmoil. The department head asked her to slash her price 20 percent. Lenski said this was her bottom-line number, but the department head said everything is negotiable. Lenski then asked the essential question: "Why do you believe everything is negotiable" The department head explained the head of finance would ask if she bargained and got a good deal. At that point, Lenski crossed out the original fee and wrote a new one that was about 25 percent higher. "Will this work" she asked. The department head said, "Well, I"ll have to offer you 20 percent less than that. " And they had a deal.44. Instead of keeping quiet and thus becoming resentful, "negotiating is figuring out how to raise the things that are bothering you so they can be sorted out, " Lenski says. Instead of just thinking about what might make it difficult to accomplish your goal, talk with your boss about those issues right away. "It"s much more helpful in general to think about under what conditions you might make it possible, and how can you help me do that," Lenski says.45. Lenski says people tend to waste a lot of time worrying about scary negotiation scenarios. "They go into it thinking about all the ways it can go wrong," she says, even though the negotiation generally turns out much better than expected. "Instead, they should spend their time thinking of it from the perspective of the other person. What would make them want to join with you to figure things out Not what will make them change their mind, but what will make them want to sort this out with me. Invite them into joint problem-solving. "

答案：正确答案：E

问答题

[A] Negotiation Is a Two-way Street[B] Correct Common Negotiation Mistakes[C] Do the Right Kind of Homework[D] Don"t Be Afraid to Have Difficult Conversations[E] Tactic Is Dictated by Situation[F] Try to Ask Good Questions[G] Deal with Issues Upfront "Most people think of negotiation only when they need to get something more, " says Tammy Lenski, a professional mediator who helps universities and businesses nationwide with conflict management. "The reality is that at work, pretty much every conversation is a negotiation. You"re negotiating deadlines, the quality level, what might be taken off your plate to make room for this priority project and what benefit you might get for taking on that project. The minute you walk into the workplace in the morning, you"re negotiating. " Here are some of Lenski"s tips on becoming a good negotiator — and improving your situation at work:41. People either are too confrontational or cave in because they"re afraid to ask some basic questions. "If people think of a negotiation more as a conversation than something that needs to be won, they"ll do much better, " says Tammy Lenski.42. Playing hardball in the office can backfire when you need to work with your coworkers every day. "You have an ongoing relationship with these folks, and you"re trying to not leave debris, " Lenski says. "People need to stop thinking about negotiating as getting more of what I need, which means getting less of what you need." Instead, find out the other person"s needs, and try to come to a conclusion that helps both of you. "The best negotiating is using the really good human relation skills in an effective way, " Lenski says. "It isn"t about pushing or convincing or manipulating the other person. It"s about having them figure out what they want and how you can help them get it. "43. In negotiations, you know what you want. But you also need to find out what the other side wants in return. It"s most efficient if you just ask openly. When starting her private practice 10 years ago, Lenski presented her fee to provide conflict-management services to a company in turmoil. The department head asked her to slash her price 20 percent. Lenski said this was her bottom-line number, but the department head said everything is negotiable. Lenski then asked the essential question: "Why do you believe everything is negotiable" The department head explained the head of finance would ask if she bargained and got a good deal. At that point, Lenski crossed out the original fee and wrote a new one that was about 25 percent higher. "Will this work" she asked. The department head said, "Well, I"ll have to offer you 20 percent less than that. " And they had a deal.44. Instead of keeping quiet and thus becoming resentful, "negotiating is figuring out how to raise the things that are bothering you so they can be sorted out, " Lenski says. Instead of just thinking about what might make it difficult to accomplish your goal, talk with your boss about those issues right away. "It"s much more helpful in general to think about under what conditions you might make it possible, and how can you help me do that," Lenski says.45. Lenski says people tend to waste a lot of time worrying about scary negotiation scenarios. "They go into it thinking about all the ways it can go wrong," she says, even though the negotiation generally turns out much better than expected. "Instead, they should spend their time thinking of it from the perspective of the other person. What would make them want to join with you to figure things out Not what will make them change their mind, but what will make them want to sort this out with me. Invite them into joint problem-solving. "

答案：正确答案：F

问答题

[A] Negotiation Is a Two-way Street[B] Correct Common Negotiation Mistakes[C] Do the Right Kind of Homework[D] Don"t Be Afraid to Have Difficult Conversations[E] Tactic Is Dictated by Situation[F] Try to Ask Good Questions[G] Deal with Issues Upfront "Most people think of negotiation only when they need to get something more, " says Tammy Lenski, a professional mediator who helps universities and businesses nationwide with conflict management. "The reality is that at work, pretty much every conversation is a negotiation. You"re negotiating deadlines, the quality level, what might be taken off your plate to make room for this priority project and what benefit you might get for taking on that project. The minute you walk into the workplace in the morning, you"re negotiating. " Here are some of Lenski"s tips on becoming a good negotiator — and improving your situation at work:41. People either are too confrontational or cave in because they"re afraid to ask some basic questions. "If people think of a negotiation more as a conversation than something that needs to be won, they"ll do much better, " says Tammy Lenski.42. Playing hardball in the office can backfire when you need to work with your coworkers every day. "You have an ongoing relationship with these folks, and you"re trying to not leave debris, " Lenski says. "People need to stop thinking about negotiating as getting more of what I need, which means getting less of what you need." Instead, find out the other person"s needs, and try to come to a conclusion that helps both of you. "The best negotiating is using the really good human relation skills in an effective way, " Lenski says. "It isn"t about pushing or convincing or manipulating the other person. It"s about having them figure out what they want and how you can help them get it. "43. In negotiations, you know what you want. But you also need to find out what the other side wants in return. It"s most efficient if you just ask openly. When starting her private practice 10 years ago, Lenski presented her fee to provide conflict-management services to a company in turmoil. The department head asked her to slash her price 20 percent. Lenski said this was her bottom-line number, but the department head said everything is negotiable. Lenski then asked the essential question: "Why do you believe everything is negotiable" The department head explained the head of finance would ask if she bargained and got a good deal. At that point, Lenski crossed out the original fee and wrote a new one that was about 25 percent higher. "Will this work" she asked. The department head said, "Well, I"ll have to offer you 20 percent less than that. " And they had a deal.44. Instead of keeping quiet and thus becoming resentful, "negotiating is figuring out how to raise the things that are bothering you so they can be sorted out, " Lenski says. Instead of just thinking about what might make it difficult to accomplish your goal, talk with your boss about those issues right away. "It"s much more helpful in general to think about under what conditions you might make it possible, and how can you help me do that," Lenski says.45. Lenski says people tend to waste a lot of time worrying about scary negotiation scenarios. "They go into it thinking about all the ways it can go wrong," she says, even though the negotiation generally turns out much better than expected. "Instead, they should spend their time thinking of it from the perspective of the other person. What would make them want to join with you to figure things out Not what will make them change their mind, but what will make them want to sort this out with me. Invite them into joint problem-solving. "

答案：正确答案：G

问答题

[A] Negotiation Is a Two-way Street[B] Correct Common Negotiation Mistakes[C] Do the Right Kind of Homework[D] Don"t Be Afraid to Have Difficult Conversations[E] Tactic Is Dictated by Situation[F] Try to Ask Good Questions[G] Deal with Issues Upfront "Most people think of negotiation only when they need to get something more, " says Tammy Lenski, a professional mediator who helps universities and businesses nationwide with conflict management. "The reality is that at work, pretty much every conversation is a negotiation. You"re negotiating deadlines, the quality level, what might be taken off your plate to make room for this priority project and what benefit you might get for taking on that project. The minute you walk into the workplace in the morning, you"re negotiating. " Here are some of Lenski"s tips on becoming a good negotiator — and improving your situation at work:41. People either are too confrontational or cave in because they"re afraid to ask some basic questions. "If people think of a negotiation more as a conversation than something that needs to be won, they"ll do much better, " says Tammy Lenski.42. Playing hardball in the office can backfire when you need to work with your coworkers every day. "You have an ongoing relationship with these folks, and you"re trying to not leave debris, " Lenski says. "People need to stop thinking about negotiating as getting more of what I need, which means getting less of what you need." Instead, find out the other person"s needs, and try to come to a conclusion that helps both of you. "The best negotiating is using the really good human relation skills in an effective way, " Lenski says. "It isn"t about pushing or convincing or manipulating the other person. It"s about having them figure out what they want and how you can help them get it. "43. In negotiations, you know what you want. But you also need to find out what the other side wants in return. It"s most efficient if you just ask openly. When starting her private practice 10 years ago, Lenski presented her fee to provide conflict-management services to a company in turmoil. The department head asked her to slash her price 20 percent. Lenski said this was her bottom-line number, but the department head said everything is negotiable. Lenski then asked the essential question: "Why do you believe everything is negotiable" The department head explained the head of finance would ask if she bargained and got a good deal. At that point, Lenski crossed out the original fee and wrote a new one that was about 25 percent higher. "Will this work" she asked. The department head said, "Well, I"ll have to offer you 20 percent less than that. " And they had a deal.44. Instead of keeping quiet and thus becoming resentful, "negotiating is figuring out how to raise the things that are bothering you so they can be sorted out, " Lenski says. Instead of just thinking about what might make it difficult to accomplish your goal, talk with your boss about those issues right away. "It"s much more helpful in general to think about under what conditions you might make it possible, and how can you help me do that," Lenski says.45. Lenski says people tend to waste a lot of time worrying about scary negotiation scenarios. "They go into it thinking about all the ways it can go wrong," she says, even though the negotiation generally turns out much better than expected. "Instead, they should spend their time thinking of it from the perspective of the other person. What would make them want to join with you to figure things out Not what will make them change their mind, but what will make them want to sort this out with me. Invite them into joint problem-solving. "

答案：正确答案：C

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