In this article, "bandwagon appeal" re...

单项选择题Ever hear of the lemming Lemmings are arctic rat-like animals with very odd habits: periodically, for unknown reasons, they mass together in large herd and commit suicide by rushing into deep water and drowning themselves. They all run in together, blindly, and not one of them ever seems to stop and ask, "Why am I doing this Is this really what I ’want to do" and thus save it serf from destruction. Obviously, lemmings are driven to perform their strange suicide rites by common instinct. People choose to "follow the herd" for more complex reasons, yet we are still too often the unwilling victims of the bandwagon appeal.
Essentially, the bandwagon urges us to an action or an opinion because it is popular—be- cause "everyone else is doing it." This call to "get on the bandwagon" appeals to the strong de- sire in most of us to be one of the crowd, not to be left out or alone. Advertising makes extensive use of the bandwagon appeal, bat so do politicians. Senator Yakalot uses the bandwagon appeal when he says "more and more citizens are rallying to my cause every day," and asks his audience to "join them—and me—in our fight for America."
One of the ways we can see the bandwagon appeal at work is in the overwhelming success of various fashions and trends, which capture the interests of thousands of people for a short time, then disappear suddenly and completely. For a year or two in the 1950S every child in North America wanted a coonskin cap so that they could be like Davy Crockett; no one wanted to be left out. After that there was the hula-hoop craze that helped to dislocate thousands of Americans.
The problem here is obvious: just because everyone’s doing it doesn’t mean that we should too. Group approval does not approve that something is true or is worth doing: Large numbers of people have supported actions we now condemn. Just a generation ago, Hitler and Mussolini rose to absolute and destructive rule in two of the most cultured countries of Europe. When they came into power they won by massive popular support from millions of people who didn’t want to be "left out" at a. great historical moment.
As we have seen, propaganda can appeal to us by arousing our emotions or distracting our attention from the real issues at hand. But there’s third way that propaganda can be put to work against us—by use of faulty logic. This approach is really subtler than the other two because it gives the appearance of reasonable, fair argument. It is only when we look more closely that the holes in logic fiber show up.
In this article, "bandwagon appeal" refers to______.

A．a mass consensus among young people
B．a universal way of thinking
C．the pursuit of a moral code of behavior
D．the desire to support a popular course of action

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1.单项选择题Think of the ocean on a calm day. Ignoring the rise and fall of the waves, you might imagine the surface was dead flat the whole way across. You’d be wrong. Hills and valleys are as much as a feature of the sea as the land, although on a much smaller scale.
These undulations have a variety of causes. Tides, currents, eddies, winds, river flow and changes in salinity and temperature push the sea level up in some places and down in others by as much as 2 meters. Ever tried swimming uphill
How do we map these oceanic hills and valleys First, we need to know what the planet would look like without them. This is where the geoid (大地水准面) comes in. It is a surface where the Earth’s gravitational potential is equal and which best fits the global mean sea level. It is approximately an ellipsoid, though uneven distribution of mass within the Earth means that it can vary from this ideal by up to 150 meters.
The geoid represents the shape the sea surface would be if the oceans were net moving and affected only by gravity. Thus it can be used as a reference to measure any deviations in the ocean surface height that aren’t caused by gravity—the hills and valleys, for instance, or any regional increase in sea level.
So how do you measure the geoid and the ocean’s irregular topography It’s complicated. Geophysicists calculate the geoid using data on variation in gravitational acceleration from several dozen satellites.
The hills and valleys of the oceans are all very interesting, but can the geoid tell us anything more significant about the state of the planet It certainly can. Knowing accurately where the geoid lies and how the Ocean surface deviates from it will help meteorologists spot changes in Ocean currents associated with climate change. The circumpolar current around Antarctic is one they are particularly interested in.
It can also predict local climate variations produced by events such as El Nino, El Nino keeps warm water that would normally move westwards close to the coast of South America, deprives Southeast Asia of its monsoon rains, and increases rainfall on the west coast of the Ametlca. Since temperature changes cause changes in sea level, geoid-watchers should be able to prepare us before it strikes.
According to the passage, the word "geoid" probably means______.

A．the Earth’s gravitational potential
B．the uneven distribution of mass on the Earth
C．the global mean sea level
D．the surface of the Earth

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2.问答题现代心理学家对“双赢”解决办法很感兴趣。但在婚姻中，成功更取决于“双输”解决办法。有了这些解决方案，双方就都能获胜。因为在爱的关系中，输是送出一份总会有回报的礼物。婚姻关系中关键的问题是：准将掌握控制权人们往往把放弃控制权与软弱混为一谈。但在家庭之争中的胜利者从来都不是真正的胜利者。在你赢得斗争而你的伴侣屈服时，你已经输了。这听起来似乎自相矛盾，却千真万确。因此请记住：如果你想感到被爱、被尊重，就放弃控制权。如果你想在家庭争论中获胜，就得学会在争论中认输。

参考答案：Modern psychologists are taken with the "win-win" solution. ...

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3.问答题One morning, a few years ago, Harvard President Neil Rudenstine overslept. After years of non-stop toil in an atmosphere that rewarded frantic overwork, Rudenstine collapsed. Only after a 3-month sabbatical--during which he read essayist Lewis Thomas, listened to Ravel and walked with his wife on a Caribbean beach—was he able to return to his post. That week, his picture was on the cover of Newsweek magazine beside the banner headline "Exhausted"!
In the relentless busyness of modern life, we have lost the rhythm between action and rest. I speak with people in business and education, doctors and day-care workers, shopkeepers and social workers, parents and teachers, nurses and lawyers, students and therapists, community activists and cooks. 71. Remarkably, there is a universal refrain: "I am So busy." The more our life speeds up, the more we feel weary, overwhelmed and lost. Today our life and work rarely feel light, pleasant or healing. Instead, the whole experience of being alive begins to melt into one enormous obligation. It becomes the standard greeting everywhere: "I am so busy."
We say this to one another with no small degree of pride. The busier we are, the more important we seem to ourselves and, we imagine, to others. To be unavailable to our friends and family, to be unable to find time for the sunset (or even to know that the sun has set at all), to whiz through our obligations without time for a single mindful breath—this has become the model of a successful life.
72. Because we do not rest, we lose our way. We lose the nourishment that gives us succor. We miss the quiet that gives us wisdom. Poisoned by the hypnotic belief that good things come on- ly through tireless effort, we never truly rest. This is not the world we dreamed of when we were young. How did we get so terribly rushed in a world saturated with work and responsibility, yet somehow bereft of joy and delight
We have forgotten the Sabbath.
Sabbath is the time that consecrated to enjoy and celebrate what is beautiful and good—time to light candles, sing songs, worship, tell stories,, bless our children and loved ones, give thanks, share meals, nap, walk and even make love. It is time to be nourished and refreshed as We let our work, our chores and our important projects lie fallow, trusting that there are larger forces at work taking care of the world when we are at rest.
If certain plant species do not lie dormant during winter, the plant begins to die off. 73. Rest is not just a psychological convenience; it is a biological necessity. So "Remember the Sabbath" is more than simply a lifestyle suggestion. It is a commandment, an ethical precept as serious as prohibitions against killing, stealing and lying. Sabbath is more than the absence of work. Many of us, in our desperate drive to be successful and care for our many responsibilities, feel terrible guilt when we take time to rest. But the Sabbath has proven its wisdom over the ages. Many of us still recall when, not long ago, shops and offices were closed on Sundays. Those quiet Sunday afternoons are embedded in our cultural memory.
Much of modern life is specifically designed to seduce our attention away from rest. When we are in the world with our eyes wide open, the seductions are insatiable. Hundreds of channels of cable and satellite television; phones with multiple lines and call-waiting, begging us to talk to more than one person at a time; mail, e-mail and overnight mail; fax machines; billboards; magazines; newspapers; radio. For those of us with children, there are endless soccer practices, baseball games, homework, laundry, housecleaning, errands. Every responsibility, every stimulus competes for our attention: Buy me. Do me. Watch me. Try me. Drink me. It is as if we have inadvertently stumbled into some horrific wonderland.

参考答案：令人吃惊的是，听到的是千篇一律的话：“我太忙了。”生活节奏越快，我们就越感觉疲惫、无所适从和失落。今天的生活和工作几乎不...

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4.填空题How awful it would be to be a celebrity, always in the public eyes, Celebrities lead very. stressful lives, no matter (51) glamorous or powerful they are, they have too little privacy, too (52) pressure, and no safety.
(53) . one thing, celebrities don’t have the privacy an ordinary person has. The most personal details of their lives are splashed all over the front pages of newspapers and magazines.
(54) a celebrity’s family is hauled into the spotlight. Photographers hound celebrities at their homes, in restaurants, and (55) the streets, hoping to get a picture of their idols. When celebrities try to do the things that normal people do, like eat (56) or attend a football game, they (57) the risk of being interrupted by thoughtless autograph hounds or mobbed by aggressive fans.
(58) addition to the loss of privacy, celebrities must cope (59) the constant pressure of having to look great and act right. Their physical appearance is always (60) observation, Famous women, especially, (61) from the spotlight, drawing remarks like "She really looks old" or "Boy, has she put on weight". Unflattering pictures of celebrities are photographers’ prizes to be sold to the highest bidder; this increases the pressure on celebrities to look good (62) all times. Famous people are also under pressure to act calm under any (63) . Because they are constantly observed, they have (64) freedom to blow off steam or to do something just a little crazy. Most important, celebrities must deal with the stress of being in constant danger. The friendly grabs, hugs, and kisses of enthusiastic fans can quickly turn into uncontrolled assaults on a celebrity’s hair, clothes, and car. Most people agree that photographers (65) some responsibility for the death of one of the leading celebrities of the 1990s—Princess Diana. (66) or not their pursuit caused the crash that took her life, it % clear she was chased as aggressively as any escaped convict (67) bloodhounds. And celebrity can even lead to deliberately lethal attacks. The attempt to kill Ronald Reagan and the murder of John Lennon came about because 2 unbalanced people became obsessed with these world-famous figures. Famous people must live with the fact that they are always fair game—and never (68) out of season, Some people (69) of starring roles, their names in lights, and their picture on the cover of People magazine. But the cost is far too high. A famous person gives up private life, feels pressured to look and act certain ways all the time, and is never completely safe. And ordinary, calm life is far safer and saner (70) a life of fame.

参考答案：how

5.单项选择题Crossing Wesleyan University’s campus usually requires walking over colorful messages chalked on the ground. They can be as innocent as meeting announcements, but in a growing number of cases the language is meant to shock. It’s not uncommon, for instance, to see lewd reference to professors’ sexual preferences scrawled across a path or the mention of the word "Nig" that African-American students say make them feel uncomfortable.
In resp0nse, officials and students at schools are now debating ways to lead their communities away from forms of expression that offend or harass. In the process, they’re putting up against the difficulties of regulating speech at institutions that pride themselves on fostering open debate.
Mr. Bennet of Wesleyan says he had gotten used to seeing occasional chalkings filled with four-letter words. Campus tradition made any horizontal surface not attached to a building a potential billboard. But when chalkings began taking on a more threatening and obscene tone, Bennet deeided to act. "This is not acceptable in a workplace and not acceptable in an institution of higher learning," Bennet says. For now, Bennet is seeking input about what kind of message-posting policy the school should adopt. The student assembly recently passed a resolution saying the "right to speech comes with implicit responsibilities to respect community standards".
Other public universities have confronted problems this year while considering various ways of regulating where students can express themselves. At Harvard Law School, the recent controversy was more linked to the academic setting. Minority students there are seeking to curb what they consider harassing speech in the wake of a series of incidents last spring.
At a meeting held by the "Committee on Health Diversity" last week, the school’s Black Law Students Association endorsed a policy targeting discriminatory harassment. It would trigger a review by school officials if there were charges of "severe or pervasive conduct" by students or faculty. The policy would cover harassment based on, but not limited to, factors such as race, religion, creed, sexual orientation, national origin, and ethnicity.
Boston attorney Harvey Silverglate, says other schools have adopted similar harassment policies that are actually speech codes, punishing students for raising certain ideas. "Restricting students from saying anything that would be perceived ns very unpleasant by another student continues uninterrupted," says Silverglate, who attended the Harvard Law Town Meeting last week.
What is the typical scene found in the campus of Wesleyan University

A．Pieces of jokes are written in almost every WC.
B．There are some meeting announcements on the billboard.
C．All kinds of messages are written on the paths.
D．Some people are shocked by the meeting announcements.

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6.单项选择题Think of the ocean on a calm day. Ignoring the rise and fall of the waves, you might imagine the surface was dead flat the whole way across. You’d be wrong. Hills and valleys are as much as a feature of the sea as the land, although on a much smaller scale.
These undulations have a variety of causes. Tides, currents, eddies, winds, river flow and changes in salinity and temperature push the sea level up in some places and down in others by as much as 2 meters. Ever tried swimming uphill
How do we map these oceanic hills and valleys First, we need to know what the planet would look like without them. This is where the geoid (大地水准面) comes in. It is a surface where the Earth’s gravitational potential is equal and which best fits the global mean sea level. It is approximately an ellipsoid, though uneven distribution of mass within the Earth means that it can vary from this ideal by up to 150 meters.
The geoid represents the shape the sea surface would be if the oceans were net moving and affected only by gravity. Thus it can be used as a reference to measure any deviations in the ocean surface height that aren’t caused by gravity—the hills and valleys, for instance, or any regional increase in sea level.
So how do you measure the geoid and the ocean’s irregular topography It’s complicated. Geophysicists calculate the geoid using data on variation in gravitational acceleration from several dozen satellites.
The hills and valleys of the oceans are all very interesting, but can the geoid tell us anything more significant about the state of the planet It certainly can. Knowing accurately where the geoid lies and how the Ocean surface deviates from it will help meteorologists spot changes in Ocean currents associated with climate change. The circumpolar current around Antarctic is one they are particularly interested in.
It can also predict local climate variations produced by events such as El Nino, El Nino keeps warm water that would normally move westwards close to the coast of South America, deprives Southeast Asia of its monsoon rains, and increases rainfall on the west coast of the Ametlca. Since temperature changes cause changes in sea level, geoid-watchers should be able to prepare us before it strikes.
From the first paragraph, we can learn that______.

A．the surface of the sea is a dead flat on a calm day
B．the sea waves are caused by a variety of factors
C．it’s a good idea to swim uphill, sometime
D．hills and valleys only exist on land

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7.单项选择题Ever hear of the lemming Lemmings are arctic rat-like animals with very odd habits: periodically, for unknown reasons, they mass together in large herd and commit suicide by rushing into deep water and drowning themselves. They all run in together, blindly, and not one of them ever seems to stop and ask, "Why am I doing this Is this really what I ’want to do" and thus save it serf from destruction. Obviously, lemmings are driven to perform their strange suicide rites by common instinct. People choose to "follow the herd" for more complex reasons, yet we are still too often the unwilling victims of the bandwagon appeal.
Essentially, the bandwagon urges us to an action or an opinion because it is popular—be- cause "everyone else is doing it." This call to "get on the bandwagon" appeals to the strong de- sire in most of us to be one of the crowd, not to be left out or alone. Advertising makes extensive use of the bandwagon appeal, bat so do politicians. Senator Yakalot uses the bandwagon appeal when he says "more and more citizens are rallying to my cause every day," and asks his audience to "join them—and me—in our fight for America."
One of the ways we can see the bandwagon appeal at work is in the overwhelming success of various fashions and trends, which capture the interests of thousands of people for a short time, then disappear suddenly and completely. For a year or two in the 1950S every child in North America wanted a coonskin cap so that they could be like Davy Crockett; no one wanted to be left out. After that there was the hula-hoop craze that helped to dislocate thousands of Americans.
The problem here is obvious: just because everyone’s doing it doesn’t mean that we should too. Group approval does not approve that something is true or is worth doing: Large numbers of people have supported actions we now condemn. Just a generation ago, Hitler and Mussolini rose to absolute and destructive rule in two of the most cultured countries of Europe. When they came into power they won by massive popular support from millions of people who didn’t want to be "left out" at a. great historical moment.
As we have seen, propaganda can appeal to us by arousing our emotions or distracting our attention from the real issues at hand. But there’s third way that propaganda can be put to work against us—by use of faulty logic. This approach is really subtler than the other two because it gives the appearance of reasonable, fair argument. It is only when we look more closely that the holes in logic fiber show up.
The author illustrates the mass suicide of lemmings in order to______.

A．raise public awareness
B．support his viewpoint
C．justify bandwagon appeal
D．discredit their habit

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8.单项选择题Most of us find the forgetting easier, but maybe we should work on the forgiving part. "Holding on to hurts and nursing grudges wear you down physically and emotionally," says Stanford University psychologist Fred Luskin, author of Forgive for Good. "Forgiving someone can be a powerful antidote."
In a recent study, Charlotte, assistant/associate professor of psychology at Hope College in Holland, Michigan; and this colleagues asked 71 volunteers to remember a past hurt. Tests recorded the highest blood pressure, heart rate and muscle tension—the same responses that occur when people are angry. Research has linked anger and heart disease. When the volunteers were asked to imagine empathizing, even forgiving those who had wronged them, they remained calm by comparison.
What’s more, forgiveness can be learned, insists Luskin, director of the Stanford Forgive- ness Project, "We teach people to rewrite their story in their minds, to change from victim to he- m. If the hurt is from a spouse’s infidelity, we might encourage them to think of themselves not only as a person who was cheated on, but as the person who tried to keep the marriage together.
Two years ago, Luskin tested his method on 5 Northern Irish women whose sons had been murdered. After undergoing a week of forgiveness training, the women’s sense of hurt, measured using psychological tests, had fallen by more than half. They were also much less likely to feel depressed and angry. "Forgiving isn’t about forgetting what happened," says Luskin. "It is about breaking free of the person who wronged us."
The early signs that forgiving improves overall health are promising: A survey of 1,423 adults by the University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research in 2001 found that people who had forgiven someone in their past also reported being in better health than those who hadn’t.
However, while 75% said they were sure God had forgiven them for past mistakes, only
52% had been able to find it in their hearts to forgive others. Forgiveness; it seems, is still divine.
Which of the following statements can be used as a best title for this passage

A．The Healing Power of Forgiveness
B．Forget and Forgive
C．Forgiveness Is Divine
D．The Study on Forgiveness

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9.单项选择题We can ______their body language correctly only if we have the knowledge of their customs and conventions.

A．predict
B．translate
C．convey
D．interpret

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10.单项选择题The local people were joyfully surprised to find the prices of vegetables no longer ______according to the weather.

A．converted
B．fluctuated
C．evaluated
D．modified

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