单项选择题

In the United States it is not customary to telephone someone very early in the morning. If you telephone him early in the day, while he is shaving or having breakfast, the time of call shows that the matter is very important and requires immediate attention. The same meaning is attached to telephone calls made after 11:00 p.m. If someone receives a call during sleeping hours, he assumes it is a matter of life or death. The time chosen for the call communicates its importance.
In social life, time plays a very important part. In the United States, guests tend to feel they are not highly regarded if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date. But this is not true in all countries. In other areas of the world, it may be considered foolish to make an appointment too far in advance because plans which are made for a date more than a week away tend to be forgotten.
The meanings of time differ in different parts of the world. Thus, misunderstandings arise between people from cultures that treat time differently. Promptness is valued highly in American life, for example. If people are not prompt, they may be regarded as impolite or not fully responsible. In the U.S. no one would think of keeping a business associate waiting for an hour, it would be too impolite. When equals meet, a person who is five minutes late is expected to make a short apology. If he is less than five minutes late, he will say a few words of explanation, though perhaps he will not complete the sentence. To Americans, forty minutes of waiting is the beginning of the "insult period". No matter what is said in apology, there is little that can remove the damage done by an hour’s wait. Yet in some other countries, a forty minutes waiting period was not unusual. Instead of being the very end of the allowable waiting scale, it was just the beginning.
Americans look ahead and are concerned almost entirely with the future. The American idea of the future is limited, however. It is the foreseeable future and not the future of the South Asian, which may involve centuries. Someone has said of the South Asian idea of time: "Time is like a museum with endless halls and rooms. You, the viewer, are walking through the museum in the dark, holding a light to each scene as you pass it. God is in charge of the museum, and only he knows all that is. One lifetime represents one room.
Since time has different meanings in different cultures, communication is often difficult. We will understand each other a little better if we can keep this fact in mind.The sentence "Time is like a museum with endless halls and rooms" refers to______.

A. Time contains different kinds of items on display.
B. Time is long.
C. We cannot understand time at all.
D. While going ahead, we are experiencing the different things, feeling the meaning of our life.
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President Bill Clinton is being squeezed on the issue of gays in the military. Gays demand that he lift the ban on them. But the generals and admirals say, please, spare us this massive migraine.
If Clinton wants maximum effectiveness from the military, he’ll try to squirm out of his political promise to end the ban. He can’t soothe both sides on this issue. If he keeps his word, he’ll anger the military and a large segment of America. If he breaks his promise, he’ll anger gays and their Hollywood supporters, who gave him votes and money last year.
Were I asked to cast a tie-breaking vote; it would be for the military. They know more about what it takes to win wars than Barbra. Streisand or the Gay and Lesbian Alliance.
And if the Pentagon had done a better job of arguing its case, the vast majority of Americans would agree. Instead, gays have skillfully used the media to argue that the military ban is nothing more than discrimination. Those who disagree are called gay-bashers.
"We’re caught in a propaganda war being waged by the media and gay lobbyists," Lt. Col. Robert Maginnis recently wrote," Most media members who advocate lifting the ban never served in the military. They don’t understand the lack of privacy and forced intimacy in the barracks."
He’s right. Military life is unique. The civilian job closest to soldiering is being a cop. There are gay cops, and that’s okay. But as a cop, you work your shift and go home. You don’t live on a ship with another cop 24 hours a day. You don’t shower and sleep near him for months at a time.
And since we’re talking about sex-specifically a form of sex that most Americans consider morally wrong-anybody who says that it won’t affect morale and discipline in the military has never been in a barracks or on a crowded troopship.
Yes, there are polls that tell us that more than 40 percent of Americans think the gay ban should be lifted. These polls are about as meaningful as those that say ten percent of Americans believe Elvis lives. A poll limited to those in the military and those who have served would show that an overwhelming majority would be against lifting the ban.
They know that most who volunteer to serve in our military have conservative, middle-class, God-country-family values. It’s conformist organization from haircut to stockings. And it places less value on individual rights than on the unit as a whole. It has its own laws and justice system, which by civilian standards would be considered authoritarian. Maybe you don’t want to live that way, but if we are going to fight wars, it works.
If gays are accepted by the military, they will demand change. Some activists will probably push for a gay quota at West Point.
There’s nothing wrong with change if it has a positive purpose. This doesn’t. We’re not talking about patriotism, love of country, sacrifice. Gay obsessive-not to be confused with ordinary people who happen to be gay-have an agenda: total social acceptance. And they are using the military ban as a blue chip in their poker game.
A gay Washington lawyer summed it up when he told the New York Times: "Any instruments that defer or delegate this issue to the military are inherently suspect."
Hey, lawyer, this country’s military has won many more battles than it has lost. When it comes to fighting, Gen. Colin Powell’s views are less suspect than those of a Washington lawyer who hasn’t spent one minute in combat. From ousting Saddam from Kuwait to helping Somalia, our military has been effective. As the saying goes, if it isn’t broke, don’t fix it.Generals and admirals______.

A. suggested the ban on the gays in the military be lifted
B. asked the ban on gays be kept
C. found no gays in their troops
D. asked the gays in the military quit out of the army
单项选择题

It began as just another research project, in this case to examine the effects of various drugs on patients with a severe mood disorder. Using an advanced brain scanning technology--the clumsily named echo-planar magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (磁共振光谱成像 ) procedure, or EP-MRSI--researchers at Boston’s McLean Hospital scanned the medicated and un-medicated brains of 30 people with bipolar disorder in order to detect possible new treatments for the more than 2 million American adults who suffer from the disease.
But something unexpected happened. A patient who had been so depressed that she could barely speak became ebullient after the 45-minute brain scan. Then a second patient, who seemed incapable of even a smile, emerged actually telling jokes. Then another and another. Was this some coincidence Aimee Parow, the technician who made these observations didn’t think so. She mentioned the patients’ striking mood shifts to her boss, and together they completely refocused the study: to see if the electromagnetic fields might actually have a curative effect on depressive mood.
As it turns out, they did. As reported last month in the American Journal of Psychiatry, 23 of the 30 people who were part of the study reported feeling significantly less depressed after the scan. The most dramatic improvements were among those who were taking no medication. The researchers are cautious. Says Bruce Cohen, McLean’s president and psychiatrist in chief: "I want to emphasize that we are not saying this is the answer but this is a completely different approach in trying to help the brain than anything that was done before."
It’s a completely different approach because of the way the magnetism is applied to the brain. But it’s an example of new research on an old idea: that the brain is an electromagnetic organ and that brain disorders might result from disorder in magnetic function. The idea has huge appeal to psychiatrists and patients alike, since for many people the side effects of psychiatric (精神的 ) drugs are almost as difficult to manage as the disease itself. And 30 percent of the nearly 18.8 million people who suffer from depression do not respond to any of the antidepressants available now. People with other severe mental disorders might benefit as well. And while no one fully understands exactly why or how the brain responds as it does to electrical currents and magnetic waves, fascinating new research is offering some possible explanations.The first paragraph describes a project aimed at finding

A. who has bipolar disorder
B. what improves people’s moods
C. whether magnetic scanning is a treatment
D. how some patients respond to some drugs
单项选择题

President Bill Clinton is being squeezed on the issue of gays in the military. Gays demand that he lift the ban on them. But the generals and admirals say, please, spare us this massive migraine.
If Clinton wants maximum effectiveness from the military, he’ll try to squirm out of his political promise to end the ban. He can’t soothe both sides on this issue. If he keeps his word, he’ll anger the military and a large segment of America. If he breaks his promise, he’ll anger gays and their Hollywood supporters, who gave him votes and money last year.
Were I asked to cast a tie-breaking vote; it would be for the military. They know more about what it takes to win wars than Barbra. Streisand or the Gay and Lesbian Alliance.
And if the Pentagon had done a better job of arguing its case, the vast majority of Americans would agree. Instead, gays have skillfully used the media to argue that the military ban is nothing more than discrimination. Those who disagree are called gay-bashers.
"We’re caught in a propaganda war being waged by the media and gay lobbyists," Lt. Col. Robert Maginnis recently wrote," Most media members who advocate lifting the ban never served in the military. They don’t understand the lack of privacy and forced intimacy in the barracks."
He’s right. Military life is unique. The civilian job closest to soldiering is being a cop. There are gay cops, and that’s okay. But as a cop, you work your shift and go home. You don’t live on a ship with another cop 24 hours a day. You don’t shower and sleep near him for months at a time.
And since we’re talking about sex-specifically a form of sex that most Americans consider morally wrong-anybody who says that it won’t affect morale and discipline in the military has never been in a barracks or on a crowded troopship.
Yes, there are polls that tell us that more than 40 percent of Americans think the gay ban should be lifted. These polls are about as meaningful as those that say ten percent of Americans believe Elvis lives. A poll limited to those in the military and those who have served would show that an overwhelming majority would be against lifting the ban.
They know that most who volunteer to serve in our military have conservative, middle-class, God-country-family values. It’s conformist organization from haircut to stockings. And it places less value on individual rights than on the unit as a whole. It has its own laws and justice system, which by civilian standards would be considered authoritarian. Maybe you don’t want to live that way, but if we are going to fight wars, it works.
If gays are accepted by the military, they will demand change. Some activists will probably push for a gay quota at West Point.
There’s nothing wrong with change if it has a positive purpose. This doesn’t. We’re not talking about patriotism, love of country, sacrifice. Gay obsessive-not to be confused with ordinary people who happen to be gay-have an agenda: total social acceptance. And they are using the military ban as a blue chip in their poker game.
A gay Washington lawyer summed it up when he told the New York Times: "Any instruments that defer or delegate this issue to the military are inherently suspect."
Hey, lawyer, this country’s military has won many more battles than it has lost. When it comes to fighting, Gen. Colin Powell’s views are less suspect than those of a Washington lawyer who hasn’t spent one minute in combat. From ousting Saddam from Kuwait to helping Somalia, our military has been effective. As the saying goes, if it isn’t broke, don’t fix it.The author holds that ban on gays in the military______.

A. is discrimination
B. is a gender discrimination
C. is racial
D. is not discrimination at all
单项选择题

It began as just another research project, in this case to examine the effects of various drugs on patients with a severe mood disorder. Using an advanced brain scanning technology--the clumsily named echo-planar magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (磁共振光谱成像 ) procedure, or EP-MRSI--researchers at Boston’s McLean Hospital scanned the medicated and un-medicated brains of 30 people with bipolar disorder in order to detect possible new treatments for the more than 2 million American adults who suffer from the disease.
But something unexpected happened. A patient who had been so depressed that she could barely speak became ebullient after the 45-minute brain scan. Then a second patient, who seemed incapable of even a smile, emerged actually telling jokes. Then another and another. Was this some coincidence Aimee Parow, the technician who made these observations didn’t think so. She mentioned the patients’ striking mood shifts to her boss, and together they completely refocused the study: to see if the electromagnetic fields might actually have a curative effect on depressive mood.
As it turns out, they did. As reported last month in the American Journal of Psychiatry, 23 of the 30 people who were part of the study reported feeling significantly less depressed after the scan. The most dramatic improvements were among those who were taking no medication. The researchers are cautious. Says Bruce Cohen, McLean’s president and psychiatrist in chief: "I want to emphasize that we are not saying this is the answer but this is a completely different approach in trying to help the brain than anything that was done before."
It’s a completely different approach because of the way the magnetism is applied to the brain. But it’s an example of new research on an old idea: that the brain is an electromagnetic organ and that brain disorders might result from disorder in magnetic function. The idea has huge appeal to psychiatrists and patients alike, since for many people the side effects of psychiatric (精神的 ) drugs are almost as difficult to manage as the disease itself. And 30 percent of the nearly 18.8 million people who suffer from depression do not respond to any of the antidepressants available now. People with other severe mental disorders might benefit as well. And while no one fully understands exactly why or how the brain responds as it does to electrical currents and magnetic waves, fascinating new research is offering some possible explanations.What does the passage say about bipolar disorder

A. It mainly affects males.
B. It may cause drug addiction.
C. It is a mental problem.
D. It is hard to detect.
单项选择题

Nutrients are the parts of food that are important for life and health. Nutrients are important for three reasons. First, some nutrients provide fuel for energy. Second, some nutrients build and repair body tissues. Third, some nutrients help control different processes of the body like the absorption of minerals and the clotting of blood. Scientists think there are 40 to 50 nutrients. These nutrients are divided into five general groups: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, and vitamins.
The first group of nutrients is carbohydrates. There are two kinds of carbohydrates: starches and sugars. Bread, potatoes, and rice are starches. They have many carbohydrates. Candy, soft drinks, jelly, and other foods with sugar also have carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are important because they provide the body with heat and energy. Sugar, for instance, is 100 percent energy. It has no other food value. Sugar does not build body tissues or control body processes. If there are too many carbohydrates in the body, they are stored as body fat. The body stores fuel as fat.
There are two types of fats: animal and vegetable. Butter, cream, and the fat in bacon are animal fats. Olive oil, corn oil, and peanut oil are vegetable fats. The body has fat under the skin and around some of the organs inside. The average adult has 10 to 11 kilograms (20 to 25 pounds) of body fat. If adults eat too many carbohydrate and fats, they can add another 45 kilograms (100 pounds) to their bodies. Fat is extra fuel. When the body needs energy, it changes the fat into carbohydrates. The carbohydrates are used for energy. Fat also keeps the body warm.
The third group of nutrients is proteins. The word "protein" comes from a Greek word that means "of first importance". Proteins are "of first importance" because they are necessary for life. Proteins are made of amino acids, which build and repair body tissue. They are an important part of all the muscles, organs, skin, and hair. The body has 22 different amino acids. Nutritionists call eight of these amino acids essential because the body does not manufacture them.
There are two kinds of proteins: complete proteins and incomplete proteins. Complete proteins, which the body needs for growth, have all the essential amino acids. Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, and cheese have complete proteins. The body needs complete proteins every day. Incomplete proteins do not have all the essential amino acids. The proteins in vegetables and grains, for instance, are incomplete proteins. Two ways to form complete proteins from incomplete proteins are: (1) to mix vegetables and grains correctly, or (2) to add a small amount of meat or milk to a large amount of grains. The body can then use the complete proteins which result from the mixtures.
Extra protein in the body can be changed to fat and stored as body fat. It can also be changed to carbohydrates and used for energy. If people do not eat enough carbohydrates and fats for the energy that they need, their body uses proteins for energy. Then the body does not have the proteins that it needs to build and repair tissues. A nutritious diet includes carbohydrates and fats for energy, and proteins for growth.Carbohydrates are important for______.

A. growth
B. healthy bones
C. energy
D. the clotting of blood
单项选择题

There was relatively little communication back and forth between colonies and homeland in the earliest days, and in consequence the majority of Americanisms were seldom if ever heard in England. By an unhappy chance the beginnings of more frequent intercourse coincided precisely with that rise of Parism in speech which marked the age of Queen Anne. The first Englishman to sound the alarm against Americanisms was one Francis Moor who visited Georgia with Oglethorpe in 1780. In Savannah, then a village but two years old, he heard the word bluff applied to a steep bank and was so unpleasantly affected by it that he denounced it as "barbarous." He was followed by a gradually increasing stream of other linguistic policemen, and by 1781 the Rev John Witherspoon, who had come out in 1769 to be president of Princeton, was printing a headlong attack upon American speech habits, not only on the level of the folk but also higher up indeed, clear to the top. "I have heard in this country," he wrote, "in the senate, and from the pulpit, and see daily in dissertations from the press, errors in grammar, improprieties, and vulgarisms which hardly any person of the same class in point of rank and literature would have fallen into in Great Britain."
Withers poon’s attack made some impression but only in academic circles. The generality of Americans, insofar as they heard of it at all dismissed its author as a mere Englishman (he was actually a Scotsman), and hence somehow inferior and ridiculous. The former colonies were now sovereign states, and their somewhat cocky citizens thought that they were under no obligation to heed admonitions from a defeated and effete empire 3,000 miles across the sea. Even before the Declaration of Independence the anonymous author, suppose to have been John Adams, proposed formally that an American Society of Language be set up to "polish" the American language on strictly American principles, and on Sept. 30, 1780, Adams wrote and signed a letter to the president of Congress renewing this proposal. "Let it be carried out." he said, "and England will never more have any honor, excepting now and then that of imitating the Americans." He was joined in 1789 by the redoubtable Noah Webster, who predicted the rise in the new Republic of a "language as different from the future language of England as the modern Dutch, Danish, and Swedish are from the German, or from one another."
The English reply to such contumacy was a series of blasts that continued in dreadful fray for a whole generation and then abated to a somewhat milder bombardment that goes on to this day. From 1,785 to 1,815 the English quarterly reviewers, then at the height of their power, denounced all Americanisms in a really frantic manner, the good along with the bad. When Thomas Jefferson, in 1,787, ventured to use the verb to belittle in his Notes on Virginia, he was dealt with as if he had committed some nefarious and ignoble act. "Freely, good Sir," roared the European Magazine and London Review, "will we forgive all your attacks, impotent as they are illiberal, upon our national character; but for the future-oh spare, we beseech you, our mother tongue!" All the other American writers of the ensuing quarter century were similarly belabored-among them, John Marshall, Noah Webster, Joel Barlow, and John Quincy Adams. Even Washington got a few licks-for using to derange. But the Yankee, between the two wars with England, was vastly less susceptible to English precept and example that he is today, and the thundering of the reviewers did not stay the hatching of Americanisms. On the contrary, it seems to have stimulated the process.The term "linguistic policemen" (mentioned in the middle of the first paragraph) refers to ______.

A. the policemen appointed by Queen Anne to keep the order of the colonies.
B. those British men who criticized the Americanism.
C. a group of followers after Francis Moor to visit America.
D. those people who came to head colleges and universities of America.
单项选择题

President Bill Clinton is being squeezed on the issue of gays in the military. Gays demand that he lift the ban on them. But the generals and admirals say, please, spare us this massive migraine.
If Clinton wants maximum effectiveness from the military, he’ll try to squirm out of his political promise to end the ban. He can’t soothe both sides on this issue. If he keeps his word, he’ll anger the military and a large segment of America. If he breaks his promise, he’ll anger gays and their Hollywood supporters, who gave him votes and money last year.
Were I asked to cast a tie-breaking vote; it would be for the military. They know more about what it takes to win wars than Barbra. Streisand or the Gay and Lesbian Alliance.
And if the Pentagon had done a better job of arguing its case, the vast majority of Americans would agree. Instead, gays have skillfully used the media to argue that the military ban is nothing more than discrimination. Those who disagree are called gay-bashers.
"We’re caught in a propaganda war being waged by the media and gay lobbyists," Lt. Col. Robert Maginnis recently wrote," Most media members who advocate lifting the ban never served in the military. They don’t understand the lack of privacy and forced intimacy in the barracks."
He’s right. Military life is unique. The civilian job closest to soldiering is being a cop. There are gay cops, and that’s okay. But as a cop, you work your shift and go home. You don’t live on a ship with another cop 24 hours a day. You don’t shower and sleep near him for months at a time.
And since we’re talking about sex-specifically a form of sex that most Americans consider morally wrong-anybody who says that it won’t affect morale and discipline in the military has never been in a barracks or on a crowded troopship.
Yes, there are polls that tell us that more than 40 percent of Americans think the gay ban should be lifted. These polls are about as meaningful as those that say ten percent of Americans believe Elvis lives. A poll limited to those in the military and those who have served would show that an overwhelming majority would be against lifting the ban.
They know that most who volunteer to serve in our military have conservative, middle-class, God-country-family values. It’s conformist organization from haircut to stockings. And it places less value on individual rights than on the unit as a whole. It has its own laws and justice system, which by civilian standards would be considered authoritarian. Maybe you don’t want to live that way, but if we are going to fight wars, it works.
If gays are accepted by the military, they will demand change. Some activists will probably push for a gay quota at West Point.
There’s nothing wrong with change if it has a positive purpose. This doesn’t. We’re not talking about patriotism, love of country, sacrifice. Gay obsessive-not to be confused with ordinary people who happen to be gay-have an agenda: total social acceptance. And they are using the military ban as a blue chip in their poker game.
A gay Washington lawyer summed it up when he told the New York Times: "Any instruments that defer or delegate this issue to the military are inherently suspect."
Hey, lawyer, this country’s military has won many more battles than it has lost. When it comes to fighting, Gen. Colin Powell’s views are less suspect than those of a Washington lawyer who hasn’t spent one minute in combat. From ousting Saddam from Kuwait to helping Somalia, our military has been effective. As the saying goes, if it isn’t broke, don’t fix it.Military life is different from the cops in that______.

A. soldiers are unmarried
B. soldiers work their shifts and cops not
C. soldiers have to live together all the time
D. soldiers have to work 24 hours a day
单项选择题

It began as just another research project, in this case to examine the effects of various drugs on patients with a severe mood disorder. Using an advanced brain scanning technology--the clumsily named echo-planar magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (磁共振光谱成像 ) procedure, or EP-MRSI--researchers at Boston’s McLean Hospital scanned the medicated and un-medicated brains of 30 people with bipolar disorder in order to detect possible new treatments for the more than 2 million American adults who suffer from the disease.
But something unexpected happened. A patient who had been so depressed that she could barely speak became ebullient after the 45-minute brain scan. Then a second patient, who seemed incapable of even a smile, emerged actually telling jokes. Then another and another. Was this some coincidence Aimee Parow, the technician who made these observations didn’t think so. She mentioned the patients’ striking mood shifts to her boss, and together they completely refocused the study: to see if the electromagnetic fields might actually have a curative effect on depressive mood.
As it turns out, they did. As reported last month in the American Journal of Psychiatry, 23 of the 30 people who were part of the study reported feeling significantly less depressed after the scan. The most dramatic improvements were among those who were taking no medication. The researchers are cautious. Says Bruce Cohen, McLean’s president and psychiatrist in chief: "I want to emphasize that we are not saying this is the answer but this is a completely different approach in trying to help the brain than anything that was done before."
It’s a completely different approach because of the way the magnetism is applied to the brain. But it’s an example of new research on an old idea: that the brain is an electromagnetic organ and that brain disorders might result from disorder in magnetic function. The idea has huge appeal to psychiatrists and patients alike, since for many people the side effects of psychiatric (精神的 ) drugs are almost as difficult to manage as the disease itself. And 30 percent of the nearly 18.8 million people who suffer from depression do not respond to any of the antidepressants available now. People with other severe mental disorders might benefit as well. And while no one fully understands exactly why or how the brain responds as it does to electrical currents and magnetic waves, fascinating new research is offering some possible explanations.The word "ebullient" in Paragraph 2 can be best replaced by______.

A. "considerate"
B. "quiet"
C. "excited"
D. "sorrowful"
单项选择题

Nose has it pretty hard, Boxers flatten them. Doctors rearrange them. People make jokes about their unflattering characteristics. Worst of all, when it comes to smell, no one really understands them.
Despite the nose’s conspicuous presence, its workings are subtle. Smell, or olfaction, is a chemo-sense, relying on specialized interactions between chemicals and nerve endings. When a rose, for example, is sniffed, odor molecules are carried by the rising air-stream to the top of the nasal cavity, just behind the bridge of the nose, where the tips of the tends of millions of olfactory nerve cells are clustered in the mucous lining. The molecules somehow trigger the nerve ending, white carry the message to the olfactory lobes of the brain. Because smell information then travels to other region of the brain, the scent of a rose can elicit not only a pleasure sensation but emotions and memories as well.
Though just how odors stimulate the nerves is unknown, scientists do know that our sense of smell is surprisingly keen capable of distinguishing up to tens of thousands of chemical odors. The laboratory task of isolating the components must of an odor is far from simple .Tobacco smoke, for example, is made up of several thousand different chemicals. Moreover smell by their sources or associations. Description such as "like a wet dog" or "like my elementary school" may convey perceptions but are vastly inadequate for labeling the chemistry involved.
To further complicate research, olfaction is connected to other sensations. Besides olfactory nerves, the nasal cavity contains pain-sensitive nerves that perceive sensations such as the kick in ammonia or the burning in chili peppers. Smell also inter-wines with taste to create flavor. A coffee drinker holding his nose while sipping would taste only the bitter in his brew, for taste receptors generally appear limited to bitter, salty, sour, and sweet. The sense of smell is ten thousand times more sensitive than taste and makes subtle distinctions among lemon, chocolate, and many more flavors.
So how does the nose manage this sophisticated discrimination Lack of evidence hasn’t kept scientists from speculating. One idea is that every odor molecule vibrates at its own frequency, creating patterns of disturbance in the air similar to the wave patterns produced by sound. According to this theory, the nerves act as receives for the unique vibrations of every odor molecule. The scheme requires no direct contact between the molecule and the nerve cell.
Another suggestion is that primary odors, equivalent to the primary colors of vision, underlie all smells and are detected by receptor sites on the olfactory nerves. Different combinations of about thirty basic smells, with labels such as malty, minty, and musky, could form an infinite number of odors.
Other scientists think that each smell is its own primary smell. They believe the olfactory nerve endings have specific receptor proteins that bind to each of the chemicals people can sense. This theory, however, calls for thousands of different proteins-none of which has been found.
"The science of smell is so empirical," says Robert Gesteland, a neurobiologist at Northwestern University, "there is no predictive base for experiments." Unlike the senses of sight, touch, and hearing, olfaction studies have attracted only a small share of scientific interest. That may change. Researchers hope that unraveling the mystery of smell will advance our understanding of the future, with enough known about smell, it might be possible to endow strange, unappealing but nutritious foods with more familiar odors, perhaps expanding the world’s food supply. For the moment, however, what the nose knows it isn’t revealing.We may conclude from this passage that______.

A. our sense of smell is as important as any of our other senses
B. each smell is its own primary smell
C. olfactory study has become a major research area
D. there is much more to be learned about the nose
单项选择题

Nutrients are the parts of food that are important for life and health. Nutrients are important for three reasons. First, some nutrients provide fuel for energy. Second, some nutrients build and repair body tissues. Third, some nutrients help control different processes of the body like the absorption of minerals and the clotting of blood. Scientists think there are 40 to 50 nutrients. These nutrients are divided into five general groups: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, and vitamins.
The first group of nutrients is carbohydrates. There are two kinds of carbohydrates: starches and sugars. Bread, potatoes, and rice are starches. They have many carbohydrates. Candy, soft drinks, jelly, and other foods with sugar also have carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are important because they provide the body with heat and energy. Sugar, for instance, is 100 percent energy. It has no other food value. Sugar does not build body tissues or control body processes. If there are too many carbohydrates in the body, they are stored as body fat. The body stores fuel as fat.
There are two types of fats: animal and vegetable. Butter, cream, and the fat in bacon are animal fats. Olive oil, corn oil, and peanut oil are vegetable fats. The body has fat under the skin and around some of the organs inside. The average adult has 10 to 11 kilograms (20 to 25 pounds) of body fat. If adults eat too many carbohydrate and fats, they can add another 45 kilograms (100 pounds) to their bodies. Fat is extra fuel. When the body needs energy, it changes the fat into carbohydrates. The carbohydrates are used for energy. Fat also keeps the body warm.
The third group of nutrients is proteins. The word "protein" comes from a Greek word that means "of first importance". Proteins are "of first importance" because they are necessary for life. Proteins are made of amino acids, which build and repair body tissue. They are an important part of all the muscles, organs, skin, and hair. The body has 22 different amino acids. Nutritionists call eight of these amino acids essential because the body does not manufacture them.
There are two kinds of proteins: complete proteins and incomplete proteins. Complete proteins, which the body needs for growth, have all the essential amino acids. Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, and cheese have complete proteins. The body needs complete proteins every day. Incomplete proteins do not have all the essential amino acids. The proteins in vegetables and grains, for instance, are incomplete proteins. Two ways to form complete proteins from incomplete proteins are: (1) to mix vegetables and grains correctly, or (2) to add a small amount of meat or milk to a large amount of grains. The body can then use the complete proteins which result from the mixtures.
Extra protein in the body can be changed to fat and stored as body fat. It can also be changed to carbohydrates and used for energy. If people do not eat enough carbohydrates and fats for the energy that they need, their body uses proteins for energy. Then the body does not have the proteins that it needs to build and repair tissues. A nutritious diet includes carbohydrates and fats for energy, and proteins for growth.One important source of fat is______.

A. oil
B. grains
C. sugar
D. olive
单项选择题

There was relatively little communication back and forth between colonies and homeland in the earliest days, and in consequence the majority of Americanisms were seldom if ever heard in England. By an unhappy chance the beginnings of more frequent intercourse coincided precisely with that rise of Parism in speech which marked the age of Queen Anne. The first Englishman to sound the alarm against Americanisms was one Francis Moor who visited Georgia with Oglethorpe in 1780. In Savannah, then a village but two years old, he heard the word bluff applied to a steep bank and was so unpleasantly affected by it that he denounced it as "barbarous." He was followed by a gradually increasing stream of other linguistic policemen, and by 1781 the Rev John Witherspoon, who had come out in 1769 to be president of Princeton, was printing a headlong attack upon American speech habits, not only on the level of the folk but also higher up indeed, clear to the top. "I have heard in this country," he wrote, "in the senate, and from the pulpit, and see daily in dissertations from the press, errors in grammar, improprieties, and vulgarisms which hardly any person of the same class in point of rank and literature would have fallen into in Great Britain."
Withers poon’s attack made some impression but only in academic circles. The generality of Americans, insofar as they heard of it at all dismissed its author as a mere Englishman (he was actually a Scotsman), and hence somehow inferior and ridiculous. The former colonies were now sovereign states, and their somewhat cocky citizens thought that they were under no obligation to heed admonitions from a defeated and effete empire 3,000 miles across the sea. Even before the Declaration of Independence the anonymous author, suppose to have been John Adams, proposed formally that an American Society of Language be set up to "polish" the American language on strictly American principles, and on Sept. 30, 1780, Adams wrote and signed a letter to the president of Congress renewing this proposal. "Let it be carried out." he said, "and England will never more have any honor, excepting now and then that of imitating the Americans." He was joined in 1789 by the redoubtable Noah Webster, who predicted the rise in the new Republic of a "language as different from the future language of England as the modern Dutch, Danish, and Swedish are from the German, or from one another."
The English reply to such contumacy was a series of blasts that continued in dreadful fray for a whole generation and then abated to a somewhat milder bombardment that goes on to this day. From 1,785 to 1,815 the English quarterly reviewers, then at the height of their power, denounced all Americanisms in a really frantic manner, the good along with the bad. When Thomas Jefferson, in 1,787, ventured to use the verb to belittle in his Notes on Virginia, he was dealt with as if he had committed some nefarious and ignoble act. "Freely, good Sir," roared the European Magazine and London Review, "will we forgive all your attacks, impotent as they are illiberal, upon our national character; but for the future-oh spare, we beseech you, our mother tongue!" All the other American writers of the ensuing quarter century were similarly belabored-among them, John Marshall, Noah Webster, Joel Barlow, and John Quincy Adams. Even Washington got a few licks-for using to derange. But the Yankee, between the two wars with England, was vastly less susceptible to English precept and example that he is today, and the thundering of the reviewers did not stay the hatching of Americanisms. On the contrary, it seems to have stimulated the process.Which of the following statements about John Witherspoon is NOT TRUE according to the passage

A. He was British by birth.
B. He made open and strong attack on American usage of English.
C. His criticism appealed to the common people’s speech habits only.
D. The effect of his attack was not impressive.
单项选择题

President Bill Clinton is being squeezed on the issue of gays in the military. Gays demand that he lift the ban on them. But the generals and admirals say, please, spare us this massive migraine.
If Clinton wants maximum effectiveness from the military, he’ll try to squirm out of his political promise to end the ban. He can’t soothe both sides on this issue. If he keeps his word, he’ll anger the military and a large segment of America. If he breaks his promise, he’ll anger gays and their Hollywood supporters, who gave him votes and money last year.
Were I asked to cast a tie-breaking vote; it would be for the military. They know more about what it takes to win wars than Barbra. Streisand or the Gay and Lesbian Alliance.
And if the Pentagon had done a better job of arguing its case, the vast majority of Americans would agree. Instead, gays have skillfully used the media to argue that the military ban is nothing more than discrimination. Those who disagree are called gay-bashers.
"We’re caught in a propaganda war being waged by the media and gay lobbyists," Lt. Col. Robert Maginnis recently wrote," Most media members who advocate lifting the ban never served in the military. They don’t understand the lack of privacy and forced intimacy in the barracks."
He’s right. Military life is unique. The civilian job closest to soldiering is being a cop. There are gay cops, and that’s okay. But as a cop, you work your shift and go home. You don’t live on a ship with another cop 24 hours a day. You don’t shower and sleep near him for months at a time.
And since we’re talking about sex-specifically a form of sex that most Americans consider morally wrong-anybody who says that it won’t affect morale and discipline in the military has never been in a barracks or on a crowded troopship.
Yes, there are polls that tell us that more than 40 percent of Americans think the gay ban should be lifted. These polls are about as meaningful as those that say ten percent of Americans believe Elvis lives. A poll limited to those in the military and those who have served would show that an overwhelming majority would be against lifting the ban.
They know that most who volunteer to serve in our military have conservative, middle-class, God-country-family values. It’s conformist organization from haircut to stockings. And it places less value on individual rights than on the unit as a whole. It has its own laws and justice system, which by civilian standards would be considered authoritarian. Maybe you don’t want to live that way, but if we are going to fight wars, it works.
If gays are accepted by the military, they will demand change. Some activists will probably push for a gay quota at West Point.
There’s nothing wrong with change if it has a positive purpose. This doesn’t. We’re not talking about patriotism, love of country, sacrifice. Gay obsessive-not to be confused with ordinary people who happen to be gay-have an agenda: total social acceptance. And they are using the military ban as a blue chip in their poker game.
A gay Washington lawyer summed it up when he told the New York Times: "Any instruments that defer or delegate this issue to the military are inherently suspect."
Hey, lawyer, this country’s military has won many more battles than it has lost. When it comes to fighting, Gen. Colin Powell’s views are less suspect than those of a Washington lawyer who hasn’t spent one minute in combat. From ousting Saddam from Kuwait to helping Somalia, our military has been effective. As the saying goes, if it isn’t broke, don’t fix it.Gay obsessive purpose is______.

A. to join the army
B. to make the society totally accept them
C. to get admission to West Point
D. to use military ban as a blue chip in their poker game
单项选择题

It began as just another research project, in this case to examine the effects of various drugs on patients with a severe mood disorder. Using an advanced brain scanning technology--the clumsily named echo-planar magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (磁共振光谱成像 ) procedure, or EP-MRSI--researchers at Boston’s McLean Hospital scanned the medicated and un-medicated brains of 30 people with bipolar disorder in order to detect possible new treatments for the more than 2 million American adults who suffer from the disease.
But something unexpected happened. A patient who had been so depressed that she could barely speak became ebullient after the 45-minute brain scan. Then a second patient, who seemed incapable of even a smile, emerged actually telling jokes. Then another and another. Was this some coincidence Aimee Parow, the technician who made these observations didn’t think so. She mentioned the patients’ striking mood shifts to her boss, and together they completely refocused the study: to see if the electromagnetic fields might actually have a curative effect on depressive mood.
As it turns out, they did. As reported last month in the American Journal of Psychiatry, 23 of the 30 people who were part of the study reported feeling significantly less depressed after the scan. The most dramatic improvements were among those who were taking no medication. The researchers are cautious. Says Bruce Cohen, McLean’s president and psychiatrist in chief: "I want to emphasize that we are not saying this is the answer but this is a completely different approach in trying to help the brain than anything that was done before."
It’s a completely different approach because of the way the magnetism is applied to the brain. But it’s an example of new research on an old idea: that the brain is an electromagnetic organ and that brain disorders might result from disorder in magnetic function. The idea has huge appeal to psychiatrists and patients alike, since for many people the side effects of psychiatric (精神的 ) drugs are almost as difficult to manage as the disease itself. And 30 percent of the nearly 18.8 million people who suffer from depression do not respond to any of the antidepressants available now. People with other severe mental disorders might benefit as well. And while no one fully understands exactly why or how the brain responds as it does to electrical currents and magnetic waves, fascinating new research is offering some possible explanations.The researchers’ attitude toward the new finding can be described as______.

A. confused
B. amused
C. careful
D. skeptical
单项选择题

Nose has it pretty hard, Boxers flatten them. Doctors rearrange them. People make jokes about their unflattering characteristics. Worst of all, when it comes to smell, no one really understands them.
Despite the nose’s conspicuous presence, its workings are subtle. Smell, or olfaction, is a chemo-sense, relying on specialized interactions between chemicals and nerve endings. When a rose, for example, is sniffed, odor molecules are carried by the rising air-stream to the top of the nasal cavity, just behind the bridge of the nose, where the tips of the tends of millions of olfactory nerve cells are clustered in the mucous lining. The molecules somehow trigger the nerve ending, white carry the message to the olfactory lobes of the brain. Because smell information then travels to other region of the brain, the scent of a rose can elicit not only a pleasure sensation but emotions and memories as well.
Though just how odors stimulate the nerves is unknown, scientists do know that our sense of smell is surprisingly keen capable of distinguishing up to tens of thousands of chemical odors. The laboratory task of isolating the components must of an odor is far from simple .Tobacco smoke, for example, is made up of several thousand different chemicals. Moreover smell by their sources or associations. Description such as "like a wet dog" or "like my elementary school" may convey perceptions but are vastly inadequate for labeling the chemistry involved.
To further complicate research, olfaction is connected to other sensations. Besides olfactory nerves, the nasal cavity contains pain-sensitive nerves that perceive sensations such as the kick in ammonia or the burning in chili peppers. Smell also inter-wines with taste to create flavor. A coffee drinker holding his nose while sipping would taste only the bitter in his brew, for taste receptors generally appear limited to bitter, salty, sour, and sweet. The sense of smell is ten thousand times more sensitive than taste and makes subtle distinctions among lemon, chocolate, and many more flavors.
So how does the nose manage this sophisticated discrimination Lack of evidence hasn’t kept scientists from speculating. One idea is that every odor molecule vibrates at its own frequency, creating patterns of disturbance in the air similar to the wave patterns produced by sound. According to this theory, the nerves act as receives for the unique vibrations of every odor molecule. The scheme requires no direct contact between the molecule and the nerve cell.
Another suggestion is that primary odors, equivalent to the primary colors of vision, underlie all smells and are detected by receptor sites on the olfactory nerves. Different combinations of about thirty basic smells, with labels such as malty, minty, and musky, could form an infinite number of odors.
Other scientists think that each smell is its own primary smell. They believe the olfactory nerve endings have specific receptor proteins that bind to each of the chemicals people can sense. This theory, however, calls for thousands of different proteins-none of which has been found.
"The science of smell is so empirical," says Robert Gesteland, a neurobiologist at Northwestern University, "there is no predictive base for experiments." Unlike the senses of sight, touch, and hearing, olfaction studies have attracted only a small share of scientific interest. That may change. Researchers hope that unraveling the mystery of smell will advance our understanding of the future, with enough known about smell, it might be possible to endow strange, unappealing but nutritious foods with more familiar odors, perhaps expanding the world’s food supply. For the moment, however, what the nose knows it isn’t revealing.Which of the following sentences from the passage illustrates the need for further research

A. Smell also inter-wines with taste to create flavor.
B. The molecules somehow trigger the nerve endings, which carry the message to the olfactory lobes of the brain.
C. The science of smell is so empirical, there is to predictive base for experiments.
D. Smell or olfaction is a chemo-sense, relying on specialized interactions between chemicals and nerve endings.
单项选择题

Nutrients are the parts of food that are important for life and health. Nutrients are important for three reasons. First, some nutrients provide fuel for energy. Second, some nutrients build and repair body tissues. Third, some nutrients help control different processes of the body like the absorption of minerals and the clotting of blood. Scientists think there are 40 to 50 nutrients. These nutrients are divided into five general groups: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, and vitamins.
The first group of nutrients is carbohydrates. There are two kinds of carbohydrates: starches and sugars. Bread, potatoes, and rice are starches. They have many carbohydrates. Candy, soft drinks, jelly, and other foods with sugar also have carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are important because they provide the body with heat and energy. Sugar, for instance, is 100 percent energy. It has no other food value. Sugar does not build body tissues or control body processes. If there are too many carbohydrates in the body, they are stored as body fat. The body stores fuel as fat.
There are two types of fats: animal and vegetable. Butter, cream, and the fat in bacon are animal fats. Olive oil, corn oil, and peanut oil are vegetable fats. The body has fat under the skin and around some of the organs inside. The average adult has 10 to 11 kilograms (20 to 25 pounds) of body fat. If adults eat too many carbohydrate and fats, they can add another 45 kilograms (100 pounds) to their bodies. Fat is extra fuel. When the body needs energy, it changes the fat into carbohydrates. The carbohydrates are used for energy. Fat also keeps the body warm.
The third group of nutrients is proteins. The word "protein" comes from a Greek word that means "of first importance". Proteins are "of first importance" because they are necessary for life. Proteins are made of amino acids, which build and repair body tissue. They are an important part of all the muscles, organs, skin, and hair. The body has 22 different amino acids. Nutritionists call eight of these amino acids essential because the body does not manufacture them.
There are two kinds of proteins: complete proteins and incomplete proteins. Complete proteins, which the body needs for growth, have all the essential amino acids. Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, and cheese have complete proteins. The body needs complete proteins every day. Incomplete proteins do not have all the essential amino acids. The proteins in vegetables and grains, for instance, are incomplete proteins. Two ways to form complete proteins from incomplete proteins are: (1) to mix vegetables and grains correctly, or (2) to add a small amount of meat or milk to a large amount of grains. The body can then use the complete proteins which result from the mixtures.
Extra protein in the body can be changed to fat and stored as body fat. It can also be changed to carbohydrates and used for energy. If people do not eat enough carbohydrates and fats for the energy that they need, their body uses proteins for energy. Then the body does not have the proteins that it needs to build and repair tissues. A nutritious diet includes carbohydrates and fats for energy, and proteins for growth.Among those______.has more value than any other nutrient.

A. vitamins
B. protein
C. minerals
D. fat
单项选择题

There was relatively little communication back and forth between colonies and homeland in the earliest days, and in consequence the majority of Americanisms were seldom if ever heard in England. By an unhappy chance the beginnings of more frequent intercourse coincided precisely with that rise of Parism in speech which marked the age of Queen Anne. The first Englishman to sound the alarm against Americanisms was one Francis Moor who visited Georgia with Oglethorpe in 1780. In Savannah, then a village but two years old, he heard the word bluff applied to a steep bank and was so unpleasantly affected by it that he denounced it as "barbarous." He was followed by a gradually increasing stream of other linguistic policemen, and by 1781 the Rev John Witherspoon, who had come out in 1769 to be president of Princeton, was printing a headlong attack upon American speech habits, not only on the level of the folk but also higher up indeed, clear to the top. "I have heard in this country," he wrote, "in the senate, and from the pulpit, and see daily in dissertations from the press, errors in grammar, improprieties, and vulgarisms which hardly any person of the same class in point of rank and literature would have fallen into in Great Britain."
Withers poon’s attack made some impression but only in academic circles. The generality of Americans, insofar as they heard of it at all dismissed its author as a mere Englishman (he was actually a Scotsman), and hence somehow inferior and ridiculous. The former colonies were now sovereign states, and their somewhat cocky citizens thought that they were under no obligation to heed admonitions from a defeated and effete empire 3,000 miles across the sea. Even before the Declaration of Independence the anonymous author, suppose to have been John Adams, proposed formally that an American Society of Language be set up to "polish" the American language on strictly American principles, and on Sept. 30, 1780, Adams wrote and signed a letter to the president of Congress renewing this proposal. "Let it be carried out." he said, "and England will never more have any honor, excepting now and then that of imitating the Americans." He was joined in 1789 by the redoubtable Noah Webster, who predicted the rise in the new Republic of a "language as different from the future language of England as the modern Dutch, Danish, and Swedish are from the German, or from one another."
The English reply to such contumacy was a series of blasts that continued in dreadful fray for a whole generation and then abated to a somewhat milder bombardment that goes on to this day. From 1,785 to 1,815 the English quarterly reviewers, then at the height of their power, denounced all Americanisms in a really frantic manner, the good along with the bad. When Thomas Jefferson, in 1,787, ventured to use the verb to belittle in his Notes on Virginia, he was dealt with as if he had committed some nefarious and ignoble act. "Freely, good Sir," roared the European Magazine and London Review, "will we forgive all your attacks, impotent as they are illiberal, upon our national character; but for the future-oh spare, we beseech you, our mother tongue!" All the other American writers of the ensuing quarter century were similarly belabored-among them, John Marshall, Noah Webster, Joel Barlow, and John Quincy Adams. Even Washington got a few licks-for using to derange. But the Yankee, between the two wars with England, was vastly less susceptible to English precept and example that he is today, and the thundering of the reviewers did not stay the hatching of Americanisms. On the contrary, it seems to have stimulated the process.The term "insofar as" can be replaced by ______.

A. as long as
B. to the extent that
C. neither
D. in such measure
单项选择题

President Bill Clinton is being squeezed on the issue of gays in the military. Gays demand that he lift the ban on them. But the generals and admirals say, please, spare us this massive migraine.
If Clinton wants maximum effectiveness from the military, he’ll try to squirm out of his political promise to end the ban. He can’t soothe both sides on this issue. If he keeps his word, he’ll anger the military and a large segment of America. If he breaks his promise, he’ll anger gays and their Hollywood supporters, who gave him votes and money last year.
Were I asked to cast a tie-breaking vote; it would be for the military. They know more about what it takes to win wars than Barbra. Streisand or the Gay and Lesbian Alliance.
And if the Pentagon had done a better job of arguing its case, the vast majority of Americans would agree. Instead, gays have skillfully used the media to argue that the military ban is nothing more than discrimination. Those who disagree are called gay-bashers.
"We’re caught in a propaganda war being waged by the media and gay lobbyists," Lt. Col. Robert Maginnis recently wrote," Most media members who advocate lifting the ban never served in the military. They don’t understand the lack of privacy and forced intimacy in the barracks."
He’s right. Military life is unique. The civilian job closest to soldiering is being a cop. There are gay cops, and that’s okay. But as a cop, you work your shift and go home. You don’t live on a ship with another cop 24 hours a day. You don’t shower and sleep near him for months at a time.
And since we’re talking about sex-specifically a form of sex that most Americans consider morally wrong-anybody who says that it won’t affect morale and discipline in the military has never been in a barracks or on a crowded troopship.
Yes, there are polls that tell us that more than 40 percent of Americans think the gay ban should be lifted. These polls are about as meaningful as those that say ten percent of Americans believe Elvis lives. A poll limited to those in the military and those who have served would show that an overwhelming majority would be against lifting the ban.
They know that most who volunteer to serve in our military have conservative, middle-class, God-country-family values. It’s conformist organization from haircut to stockings. And it places less value on individual rights than on the unit as a whole. It has its own laws and justice system, which by civilian standards would be considered authoritarian. Maybe you don’t want to live that way, but if we are going to fight wars, it works.
If gays are accepted by the military, they will demand change. Some activists will probably push for a gay quota at West Point.
There’s nothing wrong with change if it has a positive purpose. This doesn’t. We’re not talking about patriotism, love of country, sacrifice. Gay obsessive-not to be confused with ordinary people who happen to be gay-have an agenda: total social acceptance. And they are using the military ban as a blue chip in their poker game.
A gay Washington lawyer summed it up when he told the New York Times: "Any instruments that defer or delegate this issue to the military are inherently suspect."
Hey, lawyer, this country’s military has won many more battles than it has lost. When it comes to fighting, Gen. Colin Powell’s views are less suspect than those of a Washington lawyer who hasn’t spent one minute in combat. From ousting Saddam from Kuwait to helping Somalia, our military has been effective. As the saying goes, if it isn’t broke, don’t fix it.In the author’s opinion,

A. American military has been effective
B. American military demands change
C. American military is inherently suspect
D. American military should be fixed
单项选择题

It began as just another research project, in this case to examine the effects of various drugs on patients with a severe mood disorder. Using an advanced brain scanning technology--the clumsily named echo-planar magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (磁共振光谱成像 ) procedure, or EP-MRSI--researchers at Boston’s McLean Hospital scanned the medicated and un-medicated brains of 30 people with bipolar disorder in order to detect possible new treatments for the more than 2 million American adults who suffer from the disease.
But something unexpected happened. A patient who had been so depressed that she could barely speak became ebullient after the 45-minute brain scan. Then a second patient, who seemed incapable of even a smile, emerged actually telling jokes. Then another and another. Was this some coincidence Aimee Parow, the technician who made these observations didn’t think so. She mentioned the patients’ striking mood shifts to her boss, and together they completely refocused the study: to see if the electromagnetic fields might actually have a curative effect on depressive mood.
As it turns out, they did. As reported last month in the American Journal of Psychiatry, 23 of the 30 people who were part of the study reported feeling significantly less depressed after the scan. The most dramatic improvements were among those who were taking no medication. The researchers are cautious. Says Bruce Cohen, McLean’s president and psychiatrist in chief: "I want to emphasize that we are not saying this is the answer but this is a completely different approach in trying to help the brain than anything that was done before."
It’s a completely different approach because of the way the magnetism is applied to the brain. But it’s an example of new research on an old idea: that the brain is an electromagnetic organ and that brain disorders might result from disorder in magnetic function. The idea has huge appeal to psychiatrists and patients alike, since for many people the side effects of psychiatric (精神的 ) drugs are almost as difficult to manage as the disease itself. And 30 percent of the nearly 18.8 million people who suffer from depression do not respond to any of the antidepressants available now. People with other severe mental disorders might benefit as well. And while no one fully understands exactly why or how the brain responds as it does to electrical currents and magnetic waves, fascinating new research is offering some possible explanations.The new finding is significant because it shows that electromagnetic fields may______.

A. treat mental disorders
B. cause mental disorders
C. increase the effectiveness of some drugs
D. reduce the effectiveness of some drugs
单项选择题

Nose has it pretty hard, Boxers flatten them. Doctors rearrange them. People make jokes about their unflattering characteristics. Worst of all, when it comes to smell, no one really understands them.
Despite the nose’s conspicuous presence, its workings are subtle. Smell, or olfaction, is a chemo-sense, relying on specialized interactions between chemicals and nerve endings. When a rose, for example, is sniffed, odor molecules are carried by the rising air-stream to the top of the nasal cavity, just behind the bridge of the nose, where the tips of the tends of millions of olfactory nerve cells are clustered in the mucous lining. The molecules somehow trigger the nerve ending, white carry the message to the olfactory lobes of the brain. Because smell information then travels to other region of the brain, the scent of a rose can elicit not only a pleasure sensation but emotions and memories as well.
Though just how odors stimulate the nerves is unknown, scientists do know that our sense of smell is surprisingly keen capable of distinguishing up to tens of thousands of chemical odors. The laboratory task of isolating the components must of an odor is far from simple .Tobacco smoke, for example, is made up of several thousand different chemicals. Moreover smell by their sources or associations. Description such as "like a wet dog" or "like my elementary school" may convey perceptions but are vastly inadequate for labeling the chemistry involved.
To further complicate research, olfaction is connected to other sensations. Besides olfactory nerves, the nasal cavity contains pain-sensitive nerves that perceive sensations such as the kick in ammonia or the burning in chili peppers. Smell also inter-wines with taste to create flavor. A coffee drinker holding his nose while sipping would taste only the bitter in his brew, for taste receptors generally appear limited to bitter, salty, sour, and sweet. The sense of smell is ten thousand times more sensitive than taste and makes subtle distinctions among lemon, chocolate, and many more flavors.
So how does the nose manage this sophisticated discrimination Lack of evidence hasn’t kept scientists from speculating. One idea is that every odor molecule vibrates at its own frequency, creating patterns of disturbance in the air similar to the wave patterns produced by sound. According to this theory, the nerves act as receives for the unique vibrations of every odor molecule. The scheme requires no direct contact between the molecule and the nerve cell.
Another suggestion is that primary odors, equivalent to the primary colors of vision, underlie all smells and are detected by receptor sites on the olfactory nerves. Different combinations of about thirty basic smells, with labels such as malty, minty, and musky, could form an infinite number of odors.
Other scientists think that each smell is its own primary smell. They believe the olfactory nerve endings have specific receptor proteins that bind to each of the chemicals people can sense. This theory, however, calls for thousands of different proteins-none of which has been found.
"The science of smell is so empirical," says Robert Gesteland, a neurobiologist at Northwestern University, "there is no predictive base for experiments." Unlike the senses of sight, touch, and hearing, olfaction studies have attracted only a small share of scientific interest. That may change. Researchers hope that unraveling the mystery of smell will advance our understanding of the future, with enough known about smell, it might be possible to endow strange, unappealing but nutritious foods with more familiar odors, perhaps expanding the world’s food supply. For the moment, however, what the nose knows it isn’t revealing.The author attempts to lighten this serous biological report by means of______.

A. the incongruity of widespread smell research
B. similes such as "like a wet dog"
C. the opening and closing statements
D. the confession of our basic ignorance
单项选择题

Nutrients are the parts of food that are important for life and health. Nutrients are important for three reasons. First, some nutrients provide fuel for energy. Second, some nutrients build and repair body tissues. Third, some nutrients help control different processes of the body like the absorption of minerals and the clotting of blood. Scientists think there are 40 to 50 nutrients. These nutrients are divided into five general groups: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, and vitamins.
The first group of nutrients is carbohydrates. There are two kinds of carbohydrates: starches and sugars. Bread, potatoes, and rice are starches. They have many carbohydrates. Candy, soft drinks, jelly, and other foods with sugar also have carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are important because they provide the body with heat and energy. Sugar, for instance, is 100 percent energy. It has no other food value. Sugar does not build body tissues or control body processes. If there are too many carbohydrates in the body, they are stored as body fat. The body stores fuel as fat.
There are two types of fats: animal and vegetable. Butter, cream, and the fat in bacon are animal fats. Olive oil, corn oil, and peanut oil are vegetable fats. The body has fat under the skin and around some of the organs inside. The average adult has 10 to 11 kilograms (20 to 25 pounds) of body fat. If adults eat too many carbohydrate and fats, they can add another 45 kilograms (100 pounds) to their bodies. Fat is extra fuel. When the body needs energy, it changes the fat into carbohydrates. The carbohydrates are used for energy. Fat also keeps the body warm.
The third group of nutrients is proteins. The word "protein" comes from a Greek word that means "of first importance". Proteins are "of first importance" because they are necessary for life. Proteins are made of amino acids, which build and repair body tissue. They are an important part of all the muscles, organs, skin, and hair. The body has 22 different amino acids. Nutritionists call eight of these amino acids essential because the body does not manufacture them.
There are two kinds of proteins: complete proteins and incomplete proteins. Complete proteins, which the body needs for growth, have all the essential amino acids. Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, and cheese have complete proteins. The body needs complete proteins every day. Incomplete proteins do not have all the essential amino acids. The proteins in vegetables and grains, for instance, are incomplete proteins. Two ways to form complete proteins from incomplete proteins are: (1) to mix vegetables and grains correctly, or (2) to add a small amount of meat or milk to a large amount of grains. The body can then use the complete proteins which result from the mixtures.
Extra protein in the body can be changed to fat and stored as body fat. It can also be changed to carbohydrates and used for energy. If people do not eat enough carbohydrates and fats for the energy that they need, their body uses proteins for energy. Then the body does not have the proteins that it needs to build and repair tissues. A nutritious diet includes carbohydrates and fats for energy, and proteins for growth.Incomplete proteins______.

A. have all the essential amino acids
B. are manufactured by the body
C. can mix with other proteins to form complete proteins
D. can be gained from meat, fish, eggs, and milk
单项选择题

There was relatively little communication back and forth between colonies and homeland in the earliest days, and in consequence the majority of Americanisms were seldom if ever heard in England. By an unhappy chance the beginnings of more frequent intercourse coincided precisely with that rise of Parism in speech which marked the age of Queen Anne. The first Englishman to sound the alarm against Americanisms was one Francis Moor who visited Georgia with Oglethorpe in 1780. In Savannah, then a village but two years old, he heard the word bluff applied to a steep bank and was so unpleasantly affected by it that he denounced it as "barbarous." He was followed by a gradually increasing stream of other linguistic policemen, and by 1781 the Rev John Witherspoon, who had come out in 1769 to be president of Princeton, was printing a headlong attack upon American speech habits, not only on the level of the folk but also higher up indeed, clear to the top. "I have heard in this country," he wrote, "in the senate, and from the pulpit, and see daily in dissertations from the press, errors in grammar, improprieties, and vulgarisms which hardly any person of the same class in point of rank and literature would have fallen into in Great Britain."
Withers poon’s attack made some impression but only in academic circles. The generality of Americans, insofar as they heard of it at all dismissed its author as a mere Englishman (he was actually a Scotsman), and hence somehow inferior and ridiculous. The former colonies were now sovereign states, and their somewhat cocky citizens thought that they were under no obligation to heed admonitions from a defeated and effete empire 3,000 miles across the sea. Even before the Declaration of Independence the anonymous author, suppose to have been John Adams, proposed formally that an American Society of Language be set up to "polish" the American language on strictly American principles, and on Sept. 30, 1780, Adams wrote and signed a letter to the president of Congress renewing this proposal. "Let it be carried out." he said, "and England will never more have any honor, excepting now and then that of imitating the Americans." He was joined in 1789 by the redoubtable Noah Webster, who predicted the rise in the new Republic of a "language as different from the future language of England as the modern Dutch, Danish, and Swedish are from the German, or from one another."
The English reply to such contumacy was a series of blasts that continued in dreadful fray for a whole generation and then abated to a somewhat milder bombardment that goes on to this day. From 1,785 to 1,815 the English quarterly reviewers, then at the height of their power, denounced all Americanisms in a really frantic manner, the good along with the bad. When Thomas Jefferson, in 1,787, ventured to use the verb to belittle in his Notes on Virginia, he was dealt with as if he had committed some nefarious and ignoble act. "Freely, good Sir," roared the European Magazine and London Review, "will we forgive all your attacks, impotent as they are illiberal, upon our national character; but for the future-oh spare, we beseech you, our mother tongue!" All the other American writers of the ensuing quarter century were similarly belabored-among them, John Marshall, Noah Webster, Joel Barlow, and John Quincy Adams. Even Washington got a few licks-for using to derange. But the Yankee, between the two wars with England, was vastly less susceptible to English precept and example that he is today, and the thundering of the reviewers did not stay the hatching of Americanisms. On the contrary, it seems to have stimulated the process.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true about the Americans’ response to the Englishmen’s accusation of their linguistic behavior

A. The general Americans thought that the accusation was not well-founded.
B. They thought that the British were inferior to the Americans and therefore they didn’t have to mind what the British said.
C. Some Americans, like John Adams and Noah Webster, were determined to create a modern language of their own different from that of England.
D. The Americans were somewhat intimidated by the fury of the English at their linguistic behavior and the process of developing Americanism was retarded.
单项选择题

President Bill Clinton is being squeezed on the issue of gays in the military. Gays demand that he lift the ban on them. But the generals and admirals say, please, spare us this massive migraine.
If Clinton wants maximum effectiveness from the military, he’ll try to squirm out of his political promise to end the ban. He can’t soothe both sides on this issue. If he keeps his word, he’ll anger the military and a large segment of America. If he breaks his promise, he’ll anger gays and their Hollywood supporters, who gave him votes and money last year.
Were I asked to cast a tie-breaking vote; it would be for the military. They know more about what it takes to win wars than Barbra. Streisand or the Gay and Lesbian Alliance.
And if the Pentagon had done a better job of arguing its case, the vast majority of Americans would agree. Instead, gays have skillfully used the media to argue that the military ban is nothing more than discrimination. Those who disagree are called gay-bashers.
"We’re caught in a propaganda war being waged by the media and gay lobbyists," Lt. Col. Robert Maginnis recently wrote," Most media members who advocate lifting the ban never served in the military. They don’t understand the lack of privacy and forced intimacy in the barracks."
He’s right. Military life is unique. The civilian job closest to soldiering is being a cop. There are gay cops, and that’s okay. But as a cop, you work your shift and go home. You don’t live on a ship with another cop 24 hours a day. You don’t shower and sleep near him for months at a time.
And since we’re talking about sex-specifically a form of sex that most Americans consider morally wrong-anybody who says that it won’t affect morale and discipline in the military has never been in a barracks or on a crowded troopship.
Yes, there are polls that tell us that more than 40 percent of Americans think the gay ban should be lifted. These polls are about as meaningful as those that say ten percent of Americans believe Elvis lives. A poll limited to those in the military and those who have served would show that an overwhelming majority would be against lifting the ban.
They know that most who volunteer to serve in our military have conservative, middle-class, God-country-family values. It’s conformist organization from haircut to stockings. And it places less value on individual rights than on the unit as a whole. It has its own laws and justice system, which by civilian standards would be considered authoritarian. Maybe you don’t want to live that way, but if we are going to fight wars, it works.
If gays are accepted by the military, they will demand change. Some activists will probably push for a gay quota at West Point.
There’s nothing wrong with change if it has a positive purpose. This doesn’t. We’re not talking about patriotism, love of country, sacrifice. Gay obsessive-not to be confused with ordinary people who happen to be gay-have an agenda: total social acceptance. And they are using the military ban as a blue chip in their poker game.
A gay Washington lawyer summed it up when he told the New York Times: "Any instruments that defer or delegate this issue to the military are inherently suspect."
Hey, lawyer, this country’s military has won many more battles than it has lost. When it comes to fighting, Gen. Colin Powell’s views are less suspect than those of a Washington lawyer who hasn’t spent one minute in combat. From ousting Saddam from Kuwait to helping Somalia, our military has been effective. As the saying goes, if it isn’t broke, don’t fix it.The phrase of "if it isn’t broke, don’t fix it" in the last paragraph refers to______.

A. telling someone to leave things as they are
B. telling someone to be careful
C. telling someone to stay calm and not to overreact
D. encouraging someone who is hesitant
单项选择题

It began as just another research project, in this case to examine the effects of various drugs on patients with a severe mood disorder. Using an advanced brain scanning technology--the clumsily named echo-planar magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (磁共振光谱成像 ) procedure, or EP-MRSI--researchers at Boston’s McLean Hospital scanned the medicated and un-medicated brains of 30 people with bipolar disorder in order to detect possible new treatments for the more than 2 million American adults who suffer from the disease.
But something unexpected happened. A patient who had been so depressed that she could barely speak became ebullient after the 45-minute brain scan. Then a second patient, who seemed incapable of even a smile, emerged actually telling jokes. Then another and another. Was this some coincidence Aimee Parow, the technician who made these observations didn’t think so. She mentioned the patients’ striking mood shifts to her boss, and together they completely refocused the study: to see if the electromagnetic fields might actually have a curative effect on depressive mood.
As it turns out, they did. As reported last month in the American Journal of Psychiatry, 23 of the 30 people who were part of the study reported feeling significantly less depressed after the scan. The most dramatic improvements were among those who were taking no medication. The researchers are cautious. Says Bruce Cohen, McLean’s president and psychiatrist in chief: "I want to emphasize that we are not saying this is the answer but this is a completely different approach in trying to help the brain than anything that was done before."
It’s a completely different approach because of the way the magnetism is applied to the brain. But it’s an example of new research on an old idea: that the brain is an electromagnetic organ and that brain disorders might result from disorder in magnetic function. The idea has huge appeal to psychiatrists and patients alike, since for many people the side effects of psychiatric (精神的 ) drugs are almost as difficult to manage as the disease itself. And 30 percent of the nearly 18.8 million people who suffer from depression do not respond to any of the antidepressants available now. People with other severe mental disorders might benefit as well. And while no one fully understands exactly why or how the brain responds as it does to electrical currents and magnetic waves, fascinating new research is offering some possible explanations.The passage mainly______.

A. reports a discovery
B. challenges a discovery
C. explains the problems with a discovery
D. describes the background of a discovery
单项选择题

Nose has it pretty hard, Boxers flatten them. Doctors rearrange them. People make jokes about their unflattering characteristics. Worst of all, when it comes to smell, no one really understands them.
Despite the nose’s conspicuous presence, its workings are subtle. Smell, or olfaction, is a chemo-sense, relying on specialized interactions between chemicals and nerve endings. When a rose, for example, is sniffed, odor molecules are carried by the rising air-stream to the top of the nasal cavity, just behind the bridge of the nose, where the tips of the tends of millions of olfactory nerve cells are clustered in the mucous lining. The molecules somehow trigger the nerve ending, white carry the message to the olfactory lobes of the brain. Because smell information then travels to other region of the brain, the scent of a rose can elicit not only a pleasure sensation but emotions and memories as well.
Though just how odors stimulate the nerves is unknown, scientists do know that our sense of smell is surprisingly keen capable of distinguishing up to tens of thousands of chemical odors. The laboratory task of isolating the components must of an odor is far from simple .Tobacco smoke, for example, is made up of several thousand different chemicals. Moreover smell by their sources or associations. Description such as "like a wet dog" or "like my elementary school" may convey perceptions but are vastly inadequate for labeling the chemistry involved.
To further complicate research, olfaction is connected to other sensations. Besides olfactory nerves, the nasal cavity contains pain-sensitive nerves that perceive sensations such as the kick in ammonia or the burning in chili peppers. Smell also inter-wines with taste to create flavor. A coffee drinker holding his nose while sipping would taste only the bitter in his brew, for taste receptors generally appear limited to bitter, salty, sour, and sweet. The sense of smell is ten thousand times more sensitive than taste and makes subtle distinctions among lemon, chocolate, and many more flavors.
So how does the nose manage this sophisticated discrimination Lack of evidence hasn’t kept scientists from speculating. One idea is that every odor molecule vibrates at its own frequency, creating patterns of disturbance in the air similar to the wave patterns produced by sound. According to this theory, the nerves act as receives for the unique vibrations of every odor molecule. The scheme requires no direct contact between the molecule and the nerve cell.
Another suggestion is that primary odors, equivalent to the primary colors of vision, underlie all smells and are detected by receptor sites on the olfactory nerves. Different combinations of about thirty basic smells, with labels such as malty, minty, and musky, could form an infinite number of odors.
Other scientists think that each smell is its own primary smell. They believe the olfactory nerve endings have specific receptor proteins that bind to each of the chemicals people can sense. This theory, however, calls for thousands of different proteins-none of which has been found.
"The science of smell is so empirical," says Robert Gesteland, a neurobiologist at Northwestern University, "there is no predictive base for experiments." Unlike the senses of sight, touch, and hearing, olfaction studies have attracted only a small share of scientific interest. That may change. Researchers hope that unraveling the mystery of smell will advance our understanding of the future, with enough known about smell, it might be possible to endow strange, unappealing but nutritious foods with more familiar odors, perhaps expanding the world’s food supply. For the moment, however, what the nose knows it isn’t revealing.The comparison of a smell to a person’s elementary school was made in order to______.

A. illustrate a unique perception
B. show how imagery may be employed in a lab situation
C. point out the useless of such a description to scientists
D. personalize a complicated topic
单项选择题

There was relatively little communication back and forth between colonies and homeland in the earliest days, and in consequence the majority of Americanisms were seldom if ever heard in England. By an unhappy chance the beginnings of more frequent intercourse coincided precisely with that rise of Parism in speech which marked the age of Queen Anne. The first Englishman to sound the alarm against Americanisms was one Francis Moor who visited Georgia with Oglethorpe in 1780. In Savannah, then a village but two years old, he heard the word bluff applied to a steep bank and was so unpleasantly affected by it that he denounced it as "barbarous." He was followed by a gradually increasing stream of other linguistic policemen, and by 1781 the Rev John Witherspoon, who had come out in 1769 to be president of Princeton, was printing a headlong attack upon American speech habits, not only on the level of the folk but also higher up indeed, clear to the top. "I have heard in this country," he wrote, "in the senate, and from the pulpit, and see daily in dissertations from the press, errors in grammar, improprieties, and vulgarisms which hardly any person of the same class in point of rank and literature would have fallen into in Great Britain."
Withers poon’s attack made some impression but only in academic circles. The generality of Americans, insofar as they heard of it at all dismissed its author as a mere Englishman (he was actually a Scotsman), and hence somehow inferior and ridiculous. The former colonies were now sovereign states, and their somewhat cocky citizens thought that they were under no obligation to heed admonitions from a defeated and effete empire 3,000 miles across the sea. Even before the Declaration of Independence the anonymous author, suppose to have been John Adams, proposed formally that an American Society of Language be set up to "polish" the American language on strictly American principles, and on Sept. 30, 1780, Adams wrote and signed a letter to the president of Congress renewing this proposal. "Let it be carried out." he said, "and England will never more have any honor, excepting now and then that of imitating the Americans." He was joined in 1789 by the redoubtable Noah Webster, who predicted the rise in the new Republic of a "language as different from the future language of England as the modern Dutch, Danish, and Swedish are from the German, or from one another."
The English reply to such contumacy was a series of blasts that continued in dreadful fray for a whole generation and then abated to a somewhat milder bombardment that goes on to this day. From 1,785 to 1,815 the English quarterly reviewers, then at the height of their power, denounced all Americanisms in a really frantic manner, the good along with the bad. When Thomas Jefferson, in 1,787, ventured to use the verb to belittle in his Notes on Virginia, he was dealt with as if he had committed some nefarious and ignoble act. "Freely, good Sir," roared the European Magazine and London Review, "will we forgive all your attacks, impotent as they are illiberal, upon our national character; but for the future-oh spare, we beseech you, our mother tongue!" All the other American writers of the ensuing quarter century were similarly belabored-among them, John Marshall, Noah Webster, Joel Barlow, and John Quincy Adams. Even Washington got a few licks-for using to derange. But the Yankee, between the two wars with England, was vastly less susceptible to English precept and example that he is today, and the thundering of the reviewers did not stay the hatching of Americanisms. On the contrary, it seems to have stimulated the process.The English quarterly reviewers ______.

A. were simply some commentators who had no special influence in Britain.
B. wrote in very Standard English in their criticism of many American writers.
C. spared the great political figures such as Washington.
D. fulfilled their wish to stop the development of Americanism.
单项选择题

Nutrients are the parts of food that are important for life and health. Nutrients are important for three reasons. First, some nutrients provide fuel for energy. Second, some nutrients build and repair body tissues. Third, some nutrients help control different processes of the body like the absorption of minerals and the clotting of blood. Scientists think there are 40 to 50 nutrients. These nutrients are divided into five general groups: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, and vitamins.
The first group of nutrients is carbohydrates. There are two kinds of carbohydrates: starches and sugars. Bread, potatoes, and rice are starches. They have many carbohydrates. Candy, soft drinks, jelly, and other foods with sugar also have carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are important because they provide the body with heat and energy. Sugar, for instance, is 100 percent energy. It has no other food value. Sugar does not build body tissues or control body processes. If there are too many carbohydrates in the body, they are stored as body fat. The body stores fuel as fat.
There are two types of fats: animal and vegetable. Butter, cream, and the fat in bacon are animal fats. Olive oil, corn oil, and peanut oil are vegetable fats. The body has fat under the skin and around some of the organs inside. The average adult has 10 to 11 kilograms (20 to 25 pounds) of body fat. If adults eat too many carbohydrate and fats, they can add another 45 kilograms (100 pounds) to their bodies. Fat is extra fuel. When the body needs energy, it changes the fat into carbohydrates. The carbohydrates are used for energy. Fat also keeps the body warm.
The third group of nutrients is proteins. The word "protein" comes from a Greek word that means "of first importance". Proteins are "of first importance" because they are necessary for life. Proteins are made of amino acids, which build and repair body tissue. They are an important part of all the muscles, organs, skin, and hair. The body has 22 different amino acids. Nutritionists call eight of these amino acids essential because the body does not manufacture them.
There are two kinds of proteins: complete proteins and incomplete proteins. Complete proteins, which the body needs for growth, have all the essential amino acids. Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, and cheese have complete proteins. The body needs complete proteins every day. Incomplete proteins do not have all the essential amino acids. The proteins in vegetables and grains, for instance, are incomplete proteins. Two ways to form complete proteins from incomplete proteins are: (1) to mix vegetables and grains correctly, or (2) to add a small amount of meat or milk to a large amount of grains. The body can then use the complete proteins which result from the mixtures.
Extra protein in the body can be changed to fat and stored as body fat. It can also be changed to carbohydrates and used for energy. If people do not eat enough carbohydrates and fats for the energy that they need, their body uses proteins for energy. Then the body does not have the proteins that it needs to build and repair tissues. A nutritious diet includes carbohydrates and fats for energy, and proteins for growth.Where is the article most likely taken from

A. From an advertisement.
B. From a medical magazine.
C. From a newspaper.
D. From a biography.
单项选择题

In the United States it is not customary to telephone someone very early in the morning. If you telephone him early in the day, while he is shaving or having breakfast, the time of call shows that the matter is very important and requires immediate attention. The same meaning is attached to telephone calls made after 11:00 p.m. If someone receives a call during sleeping hours, he assumes it is a matter of life or death. The time chosen for the call communicates its importance.
In social life, time plays a very important part. In the United States, guests tend to feel they are not highly regarded if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date. But this is not true in all countries. In other areas of the world, it may be considered foolish to make an appointment too far in advance because plans which are made for a date more than a week away tend to be forgotten.
The meanings of time differ in different parts of the world. Thus, misunderstandings arise between people from cultures that treat time differently. Promptness is valued highly in American life, for example. If people are not prompt, they may be regarded as impolite or not fully responsible. In the U.S. no one would think of keeping a business associate waiting for an hour, it would be too impolite. When equals meet, a person who is five minutes late is expected to make a short apology. If he is less than five minutes late, he will say a few words of explanation, though perhaps he will not complete the sentence. To Americans, forty minutes of waiting is the beginning of the "insult period". No matter what is said in apology, there is little that can remove the damage done by an hour’s wait. Yet in some other countries, a forty minutes waiting period was not unusual. Instead of being the very end of the allowable waiting scale, it was just the beginning.
Americans look ahead and are concerned almost entirely with the future. The American idea of the future is limited, however. It is the foreseeable future and not the future of the South Asian, which may involve centuries. Someone has said of the South Asian idea of time: "Time is like a museum with endless halls and rooms. You, the viewer, are walking through the museum in the dark, holding a light to each scene as you pass it. God is in charge of the museum, and only he knows all that is. One lifetime represents one room.
Since time has different meanings in different cultures, communication is often difficult. We will understand each other a little better if we can keep this fact in mind.In terms of promptness Americans______.

A. wait longer than in other countries
B. apologize for being late for 40 minutes
C. are more polite than people in other countries
D. give an explanation for being a little .bit late
单项选择题

Nose has it pretty hard, Boxers flatten them. Doctors rearrange them. People make jokes about their unflattering characteristics. Worst of all, when it comes to smell, no one really understands them.
Despite the nose’s conspicuous presence, its workings are subtle. Smell, or olfaction, is a chemo-sense, relying on specialized interactions between chemicals and nerve endings. When a rose, for example, is sniffed, odor molecules are carried by the rising air-stream to the top of the nasal cavity, just behind the bridge of the nose, where the tips of the tends of millions of olfactory nerve cells are clustered in the mucous lining. The molecules somehow trigger the nerve ending, white carry the message to the olfactory lobes of the brain. Because smell information then travels to other region of the brain, the scent of a rose can elicit not only a pleasure sensation but emotions and memories as well.
Though just how odors stimulate the nerves is unknown, scientists do know that our sense of smell is surprisingly keen capable of distinguishing up to tens of thousands of chemical odors. The laboratory task of isolating the components must of an odor is far from simple .Tobacco smoke, for example, is made up of several thousand different chemicals. Moreover smell by their sources or associations. Description such as "like a wet dog" or "like my elementary school" may convey perceptions but are vastly inadequate for labeling the chemistry involved.
To further complicate research, olfaction is connected to other sensations. Besides olfactory nerves, the nasal cavity contains pain-sensitive nerves that perceive sensations such as the kick in ammonia or the burning in chili peppers. Smell also inter-wines with taste to create flavor. A coffee drinker holding his nose while sipping would taste only the bitter in his brew, for taste receptors generally appear limited to bitter, salty, sour, and sweet. The sense of smell is ten thousand times more sensitive than taste and makes subtle distinctions among lemon, chocolate, and many more flavors.
So how does the nose manage this sophisticated discrimination Lack of evidence hasn’t kept scientists from speculating. One idea is that every odor molecule vibrates at its own frequency, creating patterns of disturbance in the air similar to the wave patterns produced by sound. According to this theory, the nerves act as receives for the unique vibrations of every odor molecule. The scheme requires no direct contact between the molecule and the nerve cell.
Another suggestion is that primary odors, equivalent to the primary colors of vision, underlie all smells and are detected by receptor sites on the olfactory nerves. Different combinations of about thirty basic smells, with labels such as malty, minty, and musky, could form an infinite number of odors.
Other scientists think that each smell is its own primary smell. They believe the olfactory nerve endings have specific receptor proteins that bind to each of the chemicals people can sense. This theory, however, calls for thousands of different proteins-none of which has been found.
"The science of smell is so empirical," says Robert Gesteland, a neurobiologist at Northwestern University, "there is no predictive base for experiments." Unlike the senses of sight, touch, and hearing, olfaction studies have attracted only a small share of scientific interest. That may change. Researchers hope that unraveling the mystery of smell will advance our understanding of the future, with enough known about smell, it might be possible to endow strange, unappealing but nutritious foods with more familiar odors, perhaps expanding the world’s food supply. For the moment, however, what the nose knows it isn’t revealing.The broadest example of a major problem facing smell researchers is contained in______.

A. the reference to tobacco smoke
B. the reference to the rose
C. the coffee drinker’s experience
D. Robert Gesteland’s statement
单项选择题

In the United States it is not customary to telephone someone very early in the morning. If you telephone him early in the day, while he is shaving or having breakfast, the time of call shows that the matter is very important and requires immediate attention. The same meaning is attached to telephone calls made after 11:00 p.m. If someone receives a call during sleeping hours, he assumes it is a matter of life or death. The time chosen for the call communicates its importance.
In social life, time plays a very important part. In the United States, guests tend to feel they are not highly regarded if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date. But this is not true in all countries. In other areas of the world, it may be considered foolish to make an appointment too far in advance because plans which are made for a date more than a week away tend to be forgotten.
The meanings of time differ in different parts of the world. Thus, misunderstandings arise between people from cultures that treat time differently. Promptness is valued highly in American life, for example. If people are not prompt, they may be regarded as impolite or not fully responsible. In the U.S. no one would think of keeping a business associate waiting for an hour, it would be too impolite. When equals meet, a person who is five minutes late is expected to make a short apology. If he is less than five minutes late, he will say a few words of explanation, though perhaps he will not complete the sentence. To Americans, forty minutes of waiting is the beginning of the "insult period". No matter what is said in apology, there is little that can remove the damage done by an hour’s wait. Yet in some other countries, a forty minutes waiting period was not unusual. Instead of being the very end of the allowable waiting scale, it was just the beginning.
Americans look ahead and are concerned almost entirely with the future. The American idea of the future is limited, however. It is the foreseeable future and not the future of the South Asian, which may involve centuries. Someone has said of the South Asian idea of time: "Time is like a museum with endless halls and rooms. You, the viewer, are walking through the museum in the dark, holding a light to each scene as you pass it. God is in charge of the museum, and only he knows all that is. One lifetime represents one room.
Since time has different meanings in different cultures, communication is often difficult. We will understand each other a little better if we can keep this fact in mind.For South Asians, time______.

A. is endless
B. is limited
C. is controlled by man
D. is a road
单项选择题

In the United States it is not customary to telephone someone very early in the morning. If you telephone him early in the day, while he is shaving or having breakfast, the time of call shows that the matter is very important and requires immediate attention. The same meaning is attached to telephone calls made after 11:00 p.m. If someone receives a call during sleeping hours, he assumes it is a matter of life or death. The time chosen for the call communicates its importance.
In social life, time plays a very important part. In the United States, guests tend to feel they are not highly regarded if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date. But this is not true in all countries. In other areas of the world, it may be considered foolish to make an appointment too far in advance because plans which are made for a date more than a week away tend to be forgotten.
The meanings of time differ in different parts of the world. Thus, misunderstandings arise between people from cultures that treat time differently. Promptness is valued highly in American life, for example. If people are not prompt, they may be regarded as impolite or not fully responsible. In the U.S. no one would think of keeping a business associate waiting for an hour, it would be too impolite. When equals meet, a person who is five minutes late is expected to make a short apology. If he is less than five minutes late, he will say a few words of explanation, though perhaps he will not complete the sentence. To Americans, forty minutes of waiting is the beginning of the "insult period". No matter what is said in apology, there is little that can remove the damage done by an hour’s wait. Yet in some other countries, a forty minutes waiting period was not unusual. Instead of being the very end of the allowable waiting scale, it was just the beginning.
Americans look ahead and are concerned almost entirely with the future. The American idea of the future is limited, however. It is the foreseeable future and not the future of the South Asian, which may involve centuries. Someone has said of the South Asian idea of time: "Time is like a museum with endless halls and rooms. You, the viewer, are walking through the museum in the dark, holding a light to each scene as you pass it. God is in charge of the museum, and only he knows all that is. One lifetime represents one room.
Since time has different meanings in different cultures, communication is often difficult. We will understand each other a little better if we can keep this fact in mind.It can be inferred from the passage that in some countries______.

A. it is common to wait for an hour an appointment
B. explanations for being late are cut short
C. apologies are never made for being late
D. people are irresponsible
单项选择题

In the United States it is not customary to telephone someone very early in the morning. If you telephone him early in the day, while he is shaving or having breakfast, the time of call shows that the matter is very important and requires immediate attention. The same meaning is attached to telephone calls made after 11:00 p.m. If someone receives a call during sleeping hours, he assumes it is a matter of life or death. The time chosen for the call communicates its importance.
In social life, time plays a very important part. In the United States, guests tend to feel they are not highly regarded if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date. But this is not true in all countries. In other areas of the world, it may be considered foolish to make an appointment too far in advance because plans which are made for a date more than a week away tend to be forgotten.
The meanings of time differ in different parts of the world. Thus, misunderstandings arise between people from cultures that treat time differently. Promptness is valued highly in American life, for example. If people are not prompt, they may be regarded as impolite or not fully responsible. In the U.S. no one would think of keeping a business associate waiting for an hour, it would be too impolite. When equals meet, a person who is five minutes late is expected to make a short apology. If he is less than five minutes late, he will say a few words of explanation, though perhaps he will not complete the sentence. To Americans, forty minutes of waiting is the beginning of the "insult period". No matter what is said in apology, there is little that can remove the damage done by an hour’s wait. Yet in some other countries, a forty minutes waiting period was not unusual. Instead of being the very end of the allowable waiting scale, it was just the beginning.
Americans look ahead and are concerned almost entirely with the future. The American idea of the future is limited, however. It is the foreseeable future and not the future of the South Asian, which may involve centuries. Someone has said of the South Asian idea of time: "Time is like a museum with endless halls and rooms. You, the viewer, are walking through the museum in the dark, holding a light to each scene as you pass it. God is in charge of the museum, and only he knows all that is. One lifetime represents one room.
Since time has different meanings in different cultures, communication is often difficult. We will understand each other a little better if we can keep this fact in mind.When Americans send an invitation they often send it______.

A. 3 or 4 days in advance
B. a week in advance
C. 1 day in advance
D. more than 10 days in advance
单项选择题

In the United States it is not customary to telephone someone very early in the morning. If you telephone him early in the day, while he is shaving or having breakfast, the time of call shows that the matter is very important and requires immediate attention. The same meaning is attached to telephone calls made after 11:00 p.m. If someone receives a call during sleeping hours, he assumes it is a matter of life or death. The time chosen for the call communicates its importance.
In social life, time plays a very important part. In the United States, guests tend to feel they are not highly regarded if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date. But this is not true in all countries. In other areas of the world, it may be considered foolish to make an appointment too far in advance because plans which are made for a date more than a week away tend to be forgotten.
The meanings of time differ in different parts of the world. Thus, misunderstandings arise between people from cultures that treat time differently. Promptness is valued highly in American life, for example. If people are not prompt, they may be regarded as impolite or not fully responsible. In the U.S. no one would think of keeping a business associate waiting for an hour, it would be too impolite. When equals meet, a person who is five minutes late is expected to make a short apology. If he is less than five minutes late, he will say a few words of explanation, though perhaps he will not complete the sentence. To Americans, forty minutes of waiting is the beginning of the "insult period". No matter what is said in apology, there is little that can remove the damage done by an hour’s wait. Yet in some other countries, a forty minutes waiting period was not unusual. Instead of being the very end of the allowable waiting scale, it was just the beginning.
Americans look ahead and are concerned almost entirely with the future. The American idea of the future is limited, however. It is the foreseeable future and not the future of the South Asian, which may involve centuries. Someone has said of the South Asian idea of time: "Time is like a museum with endless halls and rooms. You, the viewer, are walking through the museum in the dark, holding a light to each scene as you pass it. God is in charge of the museum, and only he knows all that is. One lifetime represents one room.
Since time has different meanings in different cultures, communication is often difficult. We will understand each other a little better if we can keep this fact in mind.The sentence "Time is like a museum with endless halls and rooms" refers to______.

A. Time contains different kinds of items on display.
B. Time is long.
C. We cannot understand time at all.
D. While going ahead, we are experiencing the different things, feeling the meaning of our life.
单项选择题

In the United States it is not customary to telephone someone very early in the morning. If you telephone him early in the day, while he is shaving or having breakfast, the time of call shows that the matter is very important and requires immediate attention. The same meaning is attached to telephone calls made after 11:00 p.m. If someone receives a call during sleeping hours, he assumes it is a matter of life or death. The time chosen for the call communicates its importance.
In social life, time plays a very important part. In the United States, guests tend to feel they are not highly regarded if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date. But this is not true in all countries. In other areas of the world, it may be considered foolish to make an appointment too far in advance because plans which are made for a date more than a week away tend to be forgotten.
The meanings of time differ in different parts of the world. Thus, misunderstandings arise between people from cultures that treat time differently. Promptness is valued highly in American life, for example. If people are not prompt, they may be regarded as impolite or not fully responsible. In the U.S. no one would think of keeping a business associate waiting for an hour, it would be too impolite. When equals meet, a person who is five minutes late is expected to make a short apology. If he is less than five minutes late, he will say a few words of explanation, though perhaps he will not complete the sentence. To Americans, forty minutes of waiting is the beginning of the "insult period". No matter what is said in apology, there is little that can remove the damage done by an hour’s wait. Yet in some other countries, a forty minutes waiting period was not unusual. Instead of being the very end of the allowable waiting scale, it was just the beginning.
Americans look ahead and are concerned almost entirely with the future. The American idea of the future is limited, however. It is the foreseeable future and not the future of the South Asian, which may involve centuries. Someone has said of the South Asian idea of time: "Time is like a museum with endless halls and rooms. You, the viewer, are walking through the museum in the dark, holding a light to each scene as you pass it. God is in charge of the museum, and only he knows all that is. One lifetime represents one room.
Since time has different meanings in different cultures, communication is often difficult. We will understand each other a little better if we can keep this fact in mind.This passage mainly concerns

A. time and manners
B. promptness
C. cultural differences between the East and West
D. roles of time
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