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It used to be so straightforward.A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal.A journal editor would then remove the authors names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review.Depending on the comments received，the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.Copyright rested with the journal publisher，and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.
No longer.The Internet and pressure from funding agencies，who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it-is making access to scientific results a reality.The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development （OECD）has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this.The report，by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD，makes heavy reading for publishers who have，so far，made handsome profits.But it goes further than that.It signals a change in what has，until now，been a key element of scientific endeavor.
The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends，in part，upon wide distribution and ready access.It is big business.In America，the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7billion and $11billion.The International Association of Scientific，Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2，000publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects.They publish more than 1.2million articles each year in some 16，000journals.
This is now changing.According to the OECD report，some 75%of scholarly journals are now online.Entirely new business models are emerging；three main institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.There is open-access publishing，typically supported by asking the author （or his employer）to pay for the paper to be published.Finally，there are open-access archives，where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories.Other models exist that are hybrids of these three，such as delayed open-access，where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months，before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.All this could change the traditional form.of the peer-review process，at least for the publication of papers.

The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name.But Gregory Cochran is___（1）___to say it anyway.He is that___（2）___bird，a scientist who works independently ___（3）___any institution.He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not ___（4）___thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections，which aroused Much controversy when it was first suggested.
___（5）___he，however，might tremble at the ___（6）___of what he is about to do.Together with another two scientists，he is publishing a paper which not only ___（7）___that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others，but explains the process that has brought this about.The group in___（8）___are a particular people originated from central Europe.The process is natural selection.
This group generally do well in IQ test，___（9）___12-15points above the ___（10）___value of 100，and have contributed ___（11）___to the intellectual and cultural life of the West，as the ___（12）___of their elites，including several world-renowned scientists，___（13）___.They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases，such as breast cancer.These facts，___（14）___，have previously been thought unrelated.The former has been ___（15）___to social effects，such as a strong tradition of___（16）___education.The latter was seen as a （an）___（17）___of genetic isolation.Dr.Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately ___（18）___.His argument is that the unusual history of these people has ___（19）___them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this ___（20）___state of affairs.