Ineffective communication can be disastrous.There is a famous story of a British Army Commander who sent the message “Send reinforcements，we're going to advance.”back to his Command Center，through a long chain of subordinates.When the message finally reached the Command Center，it had “mutated”to become --“Send three and four-pence，we're going to a dance.”The reinforcements never arrived.
You can demonstrate this same principle，albeit on a less dramatic scale，by trying to play Chinese Whispers with more than 20 people.It is highly unlikely the same message you started with will be the one you end with.
In a business，there are three main types of communication failure.Each has its own indicative signs.
•The first type is known as allocative failure.This occurs when a firm is not gathering enough intelligence about its market or （most often），the information is not reaching the right points.The firm will not be allocating resources in step with the shifts in demand.If demand is rising but the firm is suffering from allocative communication failure，then stocks will fall and there will be understaffing.If the inverse happens，there will be a surplus of stocks and overstaffing.
•The second type is executive failure，where communication to trigger specific events/actions is either late，lacking or in error.The symptoms of this are a general loss of direction in the company or departments，a loss of co-ordination and an increase in complaints from customers as things happen late or not at all.
•The final type is human failure.This occurs when the general culture of a business or the relationships between particular individuals or departments do not foster effective communication.This leads to alienated staff，an increase in staff turnover，an increase in absenteeism and general frustration among staff.Creativity，especially that which takes place across departmental boundaries，is likely to suffer hugely as team synergy slips.In the famous British Army Commander story，which step probably did NOT go wrong in the communication chain？（）
A.Conceiving.
B.Sending.
C.Receiving.
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最新试题
My parents ask me （）waste time online.
Choose the most appropriate words to complete the summary of Unit 3 Passage A（每词只选一次，只需填字母）The passage is speaking strongly against the patent system--based upon the (1)______that “patent-lawyers are s of obfuscation” and that patents are being used both by established (2)______and patent trolls to stifle further innovation. The system has created a parasitic (3)_______ of trolls and defensive patent-holders, who aim to block innovation, or at least to stand in its way (4)______ they can grab a share of the spoils. An early study found that newcomers to the semiconductor business had to buy licenses from incumbents for as much as $200m. Patents should spur (5)_______ of innovation; instead, they are used to lock in incumbents' advantages. The patent system is expensive. A decade-old study (6)_______ that in 2005, without the temporary monopoly patents bestow, America might have saved three-quarters of its $210 billion bill for prescription drugs. The expense would be worth it if patents brought innovation and prosperity. The Economist has a longstanding pro-competition anti-patent bent. In the 1800's The Economist proposed full (7)______of the patent system. The paper's stance is no longer opposition, but does come with the interesting statement that “government should force the owners of intellectual property to share.” Their proposals: 1) Patent Use Requirement--the patent should only be (8)______ if the patentee uses it in the marketplace. 2) Patent (9)______--patents should be easier to challenge without going to court and the burden of proof should be lower. 3) The standard for non-obviousness should be raised so that patents are only granted to those “who work hard on big, fresh ideas, rather than those who file the paperwork on a tiddler.” 4) Patent term should be reduced--(10)______ in fast-moving technology areas.
【7】：（）
What does the underlined word “projection”mean？（）
I am going（A）to have my letter type（B）tomorrow if I've got（C）everything ready（D）by then.
In what day does science do something harmful to mankind？（）
The program ASSE established in Sweden to organize exchanges with（）
【13】：（）
The fire quickly spread to（A）the first floor where（B）it destroyed（C）all the equipments（D）in the language lab.
【8】：（）