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A new study uses advanced brain-scanning technology to
cast light onto a topic that psycholo-【M1】_____
gists have puzzled over more than half a century：
social conformity.The study was based on a 【M2】_____
famous series of laboratory experiment from
the 1950’s by a social psychologist，Dr.Solomon 【M3】_____
Asch.In those early studies，the subjects wereshown two cards.On the first was a vertical line.On
the second were three lines，
one of them the same length with that on the first card.Then the subjects【M4】_____
were asked to say which two lines were like，
something that most 5-year-olds could answer cor-【M5】_____
rectly.But Dr.Asch added a twist.Seven other people，in cahoots with the researchers，also exam-
ined the lines and gave their answers before the subjects did.And sometimes these confederates
unconsciously gave the wrong answer.
Dr.Asch was astonished at what happened next.After think-【M6】_____
ing hard，three out of four subjects agreed with
the incorrect answers given by the confederates at 【M7】_____
least once.And one in four conformed 50percent of the time.Dr.Asch，who died in 1996，always
wondered about the findings.Did the people who gave in to group do so knowing that their answers was right？Or did the social pressure actually change their perceptions？
The researchers found that 【M8】_____
social conformity showed up in the brain like activity in
regions-that are entirely devoted to percep-【M9】_____
tion.But independence of judgment--standing up for one’s beliefs--showed up as activity in brain
areas involved in emotion，the study found，
suggesting that there be a cost for going against the 【M10】_____
group.

The Beatles甲壳虫乐队
The English rock music group The Beatles gave the 1960s its characteristic musical flavor and （1）a profound influence on the course of popular music，equaled by （2）performers.The guitarists John Winston Lennon，James Paul McCartney，and George Harrison；and the drummer Ringo Starr，were all born and （3）in Liverpool.Lennon and McCartney had played together in a group called The Quarrymen.With Harrison，（4）formed their own group，The Silver Beatles，in 1959，and Starr joined them in 1962.As （5）Beatles，they developed a local following in Liverpool clubs，and their first recordings，’Love Me Do’（1962）and ’Please Please Me’（1963），quickly made them Britain’s top rock group.Their early music was （6）by the American rock singers Chuck Berry and Elvis Presley，but they infused a hackneyed musical （7）with freshness，vitality，and wit.
The release of ’I Want to Hold Your Hand’in 1964（8）the beginning of the phenomenon known as’Beatlemania’in the United States.The Beatle’s first US （9）aroused a universal mob adulation.Their concerts were scenes of mass worship，and their records sold （10）the millions.Their first film，the innovative A Hard Day’s Night（1964），was received enthusiastically （11）a wide audience that included many who had never before listened to rock music．
Composing their own （12），The Beatles established the precedent for other rock groups to play their own music．Experimenting with （13）musical forms，they produced an extraordinary （14）of songs：the childishly simple ’Yellow Submarine’；the bitter social commentary of ’Eleanor Rigby’；parodies of earlier pop styles；new electronic sounds；and compositions that were scored for cellos，violins，trumpets，and sitars，as well as for conventional guitars and drums.The （15）disbanded in 1970，after the release of their final album，Let It Be，and during the 1970s （16）individual careers，On dec.8，1980，John Lennon （17）fatally shot outside his Manhattan apartment by Mark Chapman，a 25-year-old former mental （18）who，earlier that same day，had asked Lennon for his （19）.Lennon’s murder was universally （20）with an intensity of feeling usually inspired only by political and spiritual leaders.