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Some of the most basic concepts of psychology were defined by Sigmund Freud and two of his followers,Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav Jung.
Sigmund Freud,an Austrian neurologist,was the founder of psychoanalysis and,some would say,of modern psychology itself.The main hypothesis of Freud’s theory is that human behavior.is determined primarily by unconscious motives.These unconscious motives can be discovered through the use of free association,that is,through talking out problems with the patient.Freud’s theory of personality involved three broad areas of investigation into human behavior.structural,dynamic,and developmental.Structurally,Freud divided the human personality into id,ego,and superego.The id is the completely unconscious part of self.It is the repository(资源)of one’s instinctual needs and drives.Freud posited that it consisted of everything psychological that was inherited.
The ego is the rational aspect of the personality.It governs the impulsive needs created by the id and decides which needs can and will be satisfied according to the conditions of the environment.The superego is the conscience,the ethical or moral aspect of personality.It is formed by the traditional values and ideals of the society or culture in which a person is born.The superego strives for the ideal.The ’conscience’part provides guilt feelings when moral values are violated.The ’ego-ideal’part provides feelings of pride when the self acts in consonance with traditional values of the group.
Freud’s dynamic concepts involved instinct,libido,and anxiety.Generally,we term behavior.as instinctive if it occurs without any apparent opportunity of its having been learned.Freud’s ’instinct’differed in that it refers to an inborn bodily condition represented by ’wish’and ’need’.Libido is descriptive of one’s emotional or psychic energy.This energy enables life ’instincts’to perform.their work and is derived from primitive biological urges,for example,the sex drive.Thus,the libido is usually goal directed.Anxiety,in psychological terms,is an uncontrollable state of fear often unrelated to a specific object or event.Freud’s developmental concepts included identification,displacement,defense mechanisms,and psychosexual stages.Identification labels the behavior.of an individual who imitates another person or group (movie star,gangster,etc.).Displacement occurs when the instinct is blocked and the frustrated energy is then diverted to substitute objects.Defense mechanisms (repression,projection,and reaction)describe behavior.reacting to relieve extreme pressure and to defend the ego.Psychosexual stages refer to the five set stages of an individual,from birth through adolescence,oral(breast-sucking babyhood ),anal(toilet-training period),phallic(3-6years’development of sexual feelings),latency (intermediate stage between phallic and beginning of puberty(青春期),and genital(formation of genuine relationships and the end of narcissism(自我陶醉)).
Freud’s two disciples broke with the master largely over the centrality of sex in Freud’s theorizing.Alfred Adler maintained that man was more a social being than a sexual one,and that individuals are primarily motivated by social interests.Carl Jung also differed from Freud on what determines the motivation for human behavior.He stressed goal direction beyond childhood,as well as the influence of the ancestral past in such things as magic,power,and hero worship.

Freud’s concepts included().

A.denial of instinctive behavior. in animals and humans
B.belief that religion properly molded the conscience so that the id could be controlled
C.belief that human behavior. can be explained primarily by the unconscious motives of individuals
D.belief that human behavior. is completely controlled by the 'conscience' part

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Over an extended period of time it is possible for potential firms to enter or for existing firms to leave a competitive industry.In the competitive world,shifts in the productive【1】of the economy from any one line of production to others would【2】in this way.The length of the time period【3】for entry and/or exit will vary,depending upon the【4】involved.Some,like hot dog stands,may be easily and quickly【5】.Others,like textile mills,will require a longer planning and construction period.Whatever the time【6】necessary for firms to enter or exit a given industry,we【7】that period as the long run for that industry.For different industries,the long run will encompass different time spans.
The force that【8】the entry of new firms into an industry is profit【9】.When the firms in an industry are making profits,they provide the investors in those firms with higher-than-average returns on their investments.Higher-than-average returns seldom go【10】.In the long run they attract new investment and new firms.On the other hand,losses provide the【11】for firms in an industry to leave it.Losses mean that returns to investors in the industry are below the average received by investors economy-wide;however,they do not necessarily【12】that the net income of the firm is【13】.It may or it may not be.But investors will want to withdraw their investments from the loss-incurring industry and【14】in other industries where the returns will be greater.
Where profits exist,returns on investment are above average.Where losses occur,returns are below average.So investment is【15】being redirected from less valuable to more valuable uses.

【1】()

A.capacity
B.capability
C.competence
D.ability

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