问答题

Without an oversized calendar tacked to their kitchen wall, Fern Reiss and her family could never keep track of all the meetings, appointments, home-schooling lessons, and activities that fill their busy days. 'I'm not sure they make a calendar large enough for us', says Ms. Reiss of Newton, Mass., explaining that her life revolves around 'two companies, three children, a spouse, a lot of community involvement, a social life, the kids' social life, and volunteering in a soup kitchen every week'. 'Everybody we know is leading a frenetic life', she adds. 'Ours is frenetic, too, but we're spending the bulk of our time with our kids. Even though we're having a crazy life, we're having it in the right way'.
Although extreme busyness is hardly a new phenomenon, the subject is getting renewed attention from researchers. 'A good life has to do with life having a direction, life having a narrative with the stories we tell ourselves', Chuck Darrah, an anthropologist, says. 'Busyness fragments all that. We're absolutely focused on getting through the next hour, the next day, the next week. It does raise questions: If not busyness, what? If we weren't so busy, what would we be doing? If people weren't so busy, would they be a poet, a painter?'
For the Reisses, part of living a good life, however busy, means including the couple's children in volunteer work and community activities. 'We want the kids to see that that's a priority', she says,
Between working full time as a publicist, caring for her home, spending time with her husband and extended family, and helping her grandmother three times a week, a woman says, 'I am exhausted all the time'. Like others, she concedes that she sets 'somewhat unrealistic expectations' for what she can accomplish in a day,
Being realistic is a goal Darrah encourages, saying, 'We can do everything, but we can't do everything well and at the same time'. He cautions that busyness can result in 'poor decisions, sloppy quality, and neglect of the things and people that matter most in the long run'. He advises: 'Stop taking on so much, and keep in perspective what's most important to you'. Darrah's own schedule remains full, but he insists he does not feel busy. His secret? Confining activities to things he must do and those he wants to do. He and his wife do not overschedule their children. To those with one eye on the calendar and the other on the deck, Darrah offers this advice: 'Before you take anything on, ask yourself: Do you have to do this? Do you want to do this? Live with a kind of mindfulness so you don't wake up and discover that your life is a whirl of transportation and communication, and you've hollowed yourself out'.
The author would describe the Reisses' life as
A.crazy and meaningless.
B.tedious but orderly.
C.hasty and messy.
D.busy but sensible.

A.,
B.
C.
The
D.crazy
E.
B.tedious
F.
C.hasty
G.
D.busy
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What is less well understood by the general public is that-there have been a number of trends which have further contributed to the diminishment of excavation as an activity. As Bahn puts it 'there have been two major trends over time: first, excavation has become far slower and more painstaking....The work is incredibly meticulous...Secondly, we can learn far more from what we have'. The conclusions to be drawn from this would appear to be contradictory.
As technology improves we are able to undertake a wide variety of analysis from microscopic, radio carbon dating or even DNA samples. The ability to determine more, from fewer samples again suggests that less excavation is required. Moreover, more often than not the balance of effort now rests with the specialist analysis such as pollen experts and dating analysis rather than the excavators. So, again some of the requirements for extensive excavation have diminished through the advancement of other analytical techniques and not just surface survey techniques. Furthermore, Archaeology itself has changed in a number of ways. No longer is the emphasis simply upon the acquisition of material culture or artifacts. In many cases, we have a reasonable understanding of the surviving material culture, Indeed, in Egypt and Italy, items are rebuffed in the ground simply because the museums are too full, theft may be ripe, preservation difficult and documentation slow.
The emergence d processual archaeology under Binford and others again moved archaeology towards broader concepts of explanation, process, deduction, hypothesis testing, question setting and response. Answering questions about the organization of societies, the environment and their life have a much greater importance today. And answering these how and why questions implies a much broader scope of work. Excavation alone cannot answer all these questions.
Archaeology needs a structured research' process. This procedure is described by Renfrew and Bahn as research design. Research design has four components, namely: formulation, the collection and recording, processing and analysis and publication. For example, more detailed work in the formulation part can focus lines of enquiry into a specific area and thereby again reduce the amount of excavation required.
As the questions currently posed by Archaeologists tend to be more 'strategic' the focus of the field work is also of a strategic nature. Overall landscapes, context, trading patterns and systems are more important than individual sites. As such this requires different techniques. AS Greene states 'field work today is rarely directed at a single site. It usually forms part of a comprehensive study of an area'. He continues 'studies are designed to elucidate the broad agricultural, economic, and social developments'.
Which of the following can NOT reduce the reliance upon excavation?
A.The apply of radio carbon dating.
B.More acquisition of artifacts.
C.Emergence of processual archaeology.
D.Development of surface survey technique.

A....The
B...Secondly,
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Which
H.The
I.
B.More
J.
C.Emergence
K.
D.Development
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