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During the 1980s，unemployment and underemployment in some countries was as high as 90percent.Some countries did not 【21】______enough food；basic needs in housing and clothing were not 【22】______.Many of these countries looked to the industrial processes of the developed countries 【23】______solutions.
【24】______，problems cannot always be solved by copying the industrialized countries .Industry in the developed countries is highly automated and very 【25】______.It provides fewer jobs than labor-intensive industrial processes，and highly 【26】______workers are needed to 【27】______and repair the equipment.These workers must be trained 【28】______many countries do not have the necessary training institutions.Thus，the 【29】______of importing industry becomes higher.Students must be sent abroad to 【30】______vocational and professional training.【31】______，just to begin training，the students must 【32】______learn English，French，German，or Japanese.The students then spend many years abroad，and 【33】______do not return home.
All countries agree that science and technology 【34】______be shared.The point is：countries 【35】______the industrial processes of the developed countries need to look carefully 【36】______the costs，because many of these costs are 【37】______.Students from these countries should 【38】______the problems of the developed countries closely.【39】______care，they will take home not the problems of science and technology，【40】______the benefits.

With the rapid globalization of science itself （more than 40percent of scientific Ph.D.students trained in the United States are now foreign nationals，roughly half of whom return to their countries of origin），the once undisputed U.S.scientific lead，whether relevant to product lead or not，is diminishing.
The competition of foreign students for positions in U.S.graduate schools has also contributed to making scientific training relatively unattractive to U.S.students，because the rapidly increasing sup ply of students has diminished tile relative rewards of this career path.For the best and brightest from low-income countries，a position as a research assistant in the United States is attractive，whereas the best and brightest U.S.students might now see better options in other fields.Science and engineering careers，to the extent that they are opening up to foreign competition （whether imported or available through better communication），also seem to be becoming relatively less attractive to U.S.students.
With respect to the role of universities in the innovation process，the speculative boom of the 1990s （which，among other things，made it possible to convert scientific findings into cash rather quickly）was largely unexpected.The boom brought universities and their faculties into much closer contact with private markets as they tried to gain as much of the economic dividends from their discoveries as possible.For a while，the path between discoveries in basic science and new flows of hard cash was considerably shortened.But during the next few decades，this path likely will revert toward its more traditional length and reestablish，in a healthy way，the more traditional （and more independent）relationship between the basic research done at universities and those entities that translate ideas into products and services.
In the intervening years，another new force also greatly facilitated globalization：the rapid growth of the Internet and cheap wide-bandwidth international communication.Today，complex design activities can take place in locations quite removed from manufacturing，other business functions，and the consumer.Indeed，there is now ample opportunity for real-time communication between business functions that are quite independent of their specific locations.For example，software development，with all its changes and complications，can to a considerable extent be done overseas for a U.S.customer.Foreign call centers can respond instantly to questions from thousands of miles away.The result is that low-wage workers in the Far East and in some other countries are coming into ever more direct competition with a much wider spectrum of U.S.labor：unskilled in the case of call centers；more highly skilled in the case of programmers.