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【案例分析题】

When Thomas Keller,one of America’s foremost chefs,announced that on Sept.1he would abolish the practice of tipping at Per Se,his luxury restaurant in New York City,and replace it with a European-style.service charge,I knew three groups would be opposed:customers,servers and restaurant owners.These three groups are all committed to tipping—as they quickly made clear on Web sites.To oppose tipping,it seems,is to be ant capitalist,and maybe even a little French.
But Mr.Keller is right to move away from tipping—and it’s worth exploring why just about everyone else in the restaurant world is wrong to stick with the practice.
Customers believe in tipping because they think it makes economic sense.’Waiters know that they won’t get paid if they don’t do a good job’is how most advocates of the system would put it.To be sure,this is a tempting,apparently rational statement about economic theory,but it appears to have little applicability to the real world of restaurants.
Michael Lynn,an associate professor of consumer behavior.and marketing at Cornell’s School of Hotel Administration,has conducted dozens of studies of tipping and has concluded that consumers’assessments of the quality of service correlate weakly to the amount they tip.
Rather,customers are likely to tip more in response to servers touching them lightly and leaning forward next to the table to make conversation than to how often their water glass is refilled—in other words,customers tip more when they like the server,not when the service is good.Mr.Lynn’s studies also indicate that male customers increase their tips for female servers while female customers increase their tips for male servers.
What’s more,consumers seem to forget that the tip increases as the bill increases.Thus,the tipping system is an open invitation to what restaurant professionals call ’upselling’:every bottle of imported water,every espresso and every cocktail is extra money in the server’s pocket.Aggressive upselling for tips is often rewarded while low-key,quality service often goes unrecognized.
In addition,the practice of tip pooling,which is the norm in fine-dining restaurants and is becoming more common in every kind of restaurant above the level of a greasy spoon,has ruined whatever effect voting with your tip might have had on an individual waiter.In an unreasonable outcome,you are punishing the good waiters in the restaurant by not tipping the bad one.Indeed,there appears to be little connection between tipping and good service.

It may be inferred that a European-style. service().

A.is tipping-free
B.charges little tip
C.is the author's initiative
D.is offered at Per Se

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单项选择题

【案例分析题】

The lives of very few Newark residents are untouched by violence.New Jersey’s biggest city has seen it all.Yet the murder of three young people,who were forced to kneel before being shot in the back of the head in a school playground on August 4th,has shaken the city.A fourth,who survived,was stabbed and shot in the face.The four victims were by all accounts good kids,all enrolled in college,all with a future.But the cruel murder,it seems,has at last forced Newarkers to say they have had enough.
Grassroots organizations,like Stop Shooting,have been flooded with offers of help and support since the killings.Yusef Ismail,its co-founder,says the group has been going door-to-door asking people to sign a pledge of non-violence.They hope to get 50,000to promise to ’stop shooting,start thinking,and keep living.’The Newark Community Foundation,which was launched last month,announced on August 14th that it will help pay for Community Eye,a surveillance system tailored towards gun crime.
Cory Booker,who became mayor 13months ago with a mission to revitalize the city,believes the surveillance program will be the largest camera and audio network in any American city.More than 30cameras were installed earlier this summer and a further 50will be installed soon in a seven-square-mile area where 80%of the city’s recent shootings have occurred.And more cameras are planned.
When a gunshot is detected,the surveillance camera zooms in on that spot.Similar technology in Chicago has increased arrests and decreased shootings.Mr Booker plans to announce a comprehensive gun strategy later this week.
Mr Booker,as well as church leaders and others,believes (or hopes)that after the murder the city will no longer stand by in coldness.For generations,New,ark has been paralyzed by poverty—almost one in three people lives below the poverty line—and growing indifference to crime.
Some are skeptical.Steve Malanga of the conservative Manhattan Institute notes that Newark has deep social problems:over 60%of children are in homes without fathers.The school system,taken over by the state in 1995,is a mess.But there is also some cause for hope.Since Mr Booker was elected,there has been a rise in investment and re-zoning for development.Only around 7%of nearby Newark airport workers used to come from Newark;now,a year later,the figure is 30%.Mr Booker has launched a New York style.war on crime.So far this year,crime has fallen 11%and shootings are down 30%(though the murder rate looks likely to match last year’s high).

What happened in Newark, New Jersey on August 4th?()

A.The Newark residents witnessed a murder.
B.Four young people were killed in a school playground.
C.The new mayor of Newark took office.
D.Four college students fell victim to violence.

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