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Children for whom school has no point Many children do not go to school either because their parents want them at home as carers for siblings，or simply because their parents cannot be bothered to send them．Thousands more are not registered at any school at all，because of their families’unstable lives.Underlying this dreadful situation there are two central truths．First of all，the problem of children not going to school often has more to do with their parents than with the children themselves．Secondly，once children go to school，we need to make sure that the experience is a positive one so that they want to keep on going.In Britain，the Ministry of Education has introduced a complex package of sticks and carrots to persuade Schools to bring truants’and excluded children back into the classroom．It is paying grants so that a thousand schools can set up special units to help these children．Schools receive the grant if they bring a target number of children back to school；if they do not meet the target，the grant is withdrawn.Parents are the subject of this campaign，too：the Home Office has introduced fines for parents who fail to send their children to school，and has given the police power to pick up truants on the streets.Truant=a child who does not go to school when he or she should.

Human and the Environment
One of the most pressing challenges that the United States and indeed the world will face in the next few decades is how to alleviate （减轻点）the growing stress that human activities are placing on the environment.The consequences are just too great to ignore.Wildlife habitats （栖息地）are being degraded（使退化）or disappearing altogether as new developments take up more land.（46）As many as 30percent of the world’s fish stocks are over-exploited.And the list goes on.
（47）Advances in computing power and molecular biology（分子生物学）are among the trem endows increases in scientific capability that are helping researchers gain a better understanding of these problems.Recent developments in science and technology could provide the basis for some major，and timely（及时的）actions that would improve our understanding of how human activities affect the environment.
One priority for research is improving hydrological（水文学的）forecasting.（48）Already，widespread water shortages have occurred in parts of China，India，North Africa，and the Arabian Peninsula.The need for water also is taking its toll （造成损失）on freshwater（淡水）ecosystems （生态体系）in the United States.Only 2percent of the nation’s streams are considered in good condition，and close to 40percent of native fish species are rare or extinct.Using a variety of new remote sensing tools scientists can learn more about how precipitation（降水量）affects water levels，how surface water is generated and transported，and how changes in the landscape affect water supplies.
To prevent outbreaks of infectious（传染性的）diseases in plants，animals，and humans，more study is needed on how pathogens （病原体），parasites（寄生生物），and disease-carrying species-as well as humans and other species they infect-are affected by changes in the environment.（49）Researchers can take advantage of new technologies in genetics and computing to better monitor and predict the effects that environmental changes might have on disease outbreaks.Humans have made changes to earth’s surface，such as tropical deforestation（砍伐森林），reduction of surface and ground water，and massive development，so dramatic that they approach the levels of transformation that occurred during glacial periods（冰川期）.（50）Recent advances in data collection and analysis should be used to record and better understand the causes and consequences of changes in land cover and use.