__________ is the act of making a statement, offer, promise, etc. in uttering a sentence by virtue of the conventional force associated with it, that is, the act of showing the speaker’s intended communicative meaning through the sentence’s literal meaning. For example, when a person says “You have left the door open”, __________ performed by the speaker is that by making such an utterance he has expressed his intention of speaking, i.e. asking someone to close the door, or making a complaint, depending on the context.