Women who drank three or more cups of coffee a day were 30 percent less likely to have memory decline at age 65 than whose who drank one cup or less daily. And the benefit increased with age. Women over age 80 who drank three or more cups of coffee a day were about 70 percent less likely to have memory decline than those who drank one cup or less. the researchers said.
Caffeinated tea had the same effect in the women. the study found, although more was needed to get the same caffeine boost. "Count roughly two cups of tea for a cup of coffee," said study leader Karen Ritchie of INSERM, the French National Institute for Health and Medical Research. But the researchers didn&39;t find a similarly protective effect in men, although other studies have found a benefit to males.
How might caffeine help ward off cognitive decline? "It is a cognitive stimulant." said Ritchie. It also helps to reduce levels of the protein called beta amyloid in the brain. she said. "whose accumulation is responsible for Alzheimer&39;s disease but which also occurs in normal aging."
Ritchie said she wasn&39;t sure why men in the study didn&39;t benefit from caffeine. "Our hypothesis is that either women metabolize caffeine differently than men, or there may be an interaction of the caffeine with the sex hormones.the estrogen-progesterone balance," she said.
The French study confirms previous research, said William Scott. professor of medicine at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. who has researched caffeine&39;s beneficial effects against Parkinson&39;s disease, also a neurodegenerative disorder.

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3.The health-care economy is filled with unusual and even unique economic relationships. One of the least understood involves the peculiar roles of producer or "provider" and purchaser or "consumer" in the typical doctor-patient relationship. In most sectors of the economy, it is the seller who attempts to attract a potential buyer with various inducements of price, quality, and utility, and it is the buyer who makes the decision, Such condition, however, does not prevail in most of the health-care industry.
In the health-care industry, the doctor-patient relationship is the mirror image of the ordinary relationship between producer and consumer. Once an individual has chosen to see a physician-and even then there may be no real choice-it is the physician who usually makes all significant purchasing decisions: whether the patient should return "next Wednesday", whether X-rays are needed, whether drugs should be prescribed, etc. It is a rare and sophisticated patient who will challenge such professional decisions or raise in advance questions about price, especially when the disease is regarded as serious.
This is particularly significant in relation to hospital care. The physician must certify the need for hospitalization, determine what procedures will be performed, and announce when the patient may be discharged. The patient may be consulted about some of these decisions, but in the main it is the doctor&39;s judgments that are final. Little wonder then that in the eye of the hospital it is the physician who is the real "consumer." As a consequence, the medical staff represents the "power center" in hospital policy and decision-making, not the administration.

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4.You&39;ve decided to try advertising your business with post cards. The idea came to you from the post cards you receive from other businesses. You like the idea because it seems easy to do and economical. However, you&39;ve never tried this before so you question whether this method will bring you customers.
Let me say this first, "All Forms of Advertising Work! " However, you have to clearly understand how the advertising medium works and realize that each form. has its Limitations along with costs associated with it.
Advertising in any medium has always been about repetition and getting your name remembered. It&39;s called "Branding". Study businesses that use television commercials, They are constantly repeating their business message 1000&39;s of times a day. They are the best free examples to watch and learn from.
So for your business, you can conclude that the more your prospects see your name or message repeated. the easier it is for them to get to know you and what you offer. Then it becomes an easier task to get them to buy from you. So how does post card advertising work? You create an ad on a post card. This can be done in your favorite graphics or word program. Then use the mail merge feature in the program to insert mailing addresses automatically. In case you haven&39;t set up your address book you would need co do this before you do a mail merger.
Print out the cards, stamp them and then mail them out. If done correctly and repeated over and over again your customer base will grow. This is the simple mechanics of post card advertising. How much should you send out? I would start small and build from that. This gives you the ability to spend a little at a time while measuring how much each mail out converts. This keeps your advertising costs down and manageable.
Start with ,500 post cards a month. Only target prospects you know that would use your product and/or services. Then I would repeat the mail out to the same group over the next 1-2 years. Even if they do not buy the first or second time after they&39;ve received your card, t.hey are beginning to get to know you and your product and/or services. As time goes by your chances of converting them to a buyer increases.There is also a good chance that those you target may pass your offer onto someone else.
测试题
Branding is a way of advertising that get the customers remember the brand of a product by means of_________.

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