Identical twins are a perfect test case for theories of personality development.If a theory can’t explain the differences between identical twins,then it cannot explain environmental effects on per-sonality.Even identical twins brought up in the same home have different personalities.Take Ladan and Laleh Bijani from Iran.They were identical twins who had spent their entire 29years joined at the head.And yet,Ladan,the more outspoken of the pair,told journalists,’We are two completely separate individuals.we have different world views,We have different lifestyles,we think very differently about issues.’Why did Ladan and Laleh have different person-alities?
Self-organized systems in insects can provide us with some ideas.A colony of ants,for exam-ple,can be seen as a self-organized system.No supervisor tells the ants what to do,and yet all the jobs get done.The system works in such a way that if one ant carries out a particular job,it be-comes less likely that another ant will attempt that job because it no longer needs doing.The result is what economists call ’division of labor.’
Self-organization also produces division of labor in human groups.Each individual looks for something to specialize in,his or her own suitable position in the group.If one position is occu-pied,the individual will seek another.This process increases the differences even between identical twins,because once they’ve chosen different specialities,a circular mechanism causes small initial differences between them to widen.
Although identical twins look very much alike,people who know them well will distinguish between them.They might ,for example,address more questions and comments to one twin than the other-perhaps by chance first.But the consequence is that the twin who is addressed more often will do more talking than the other twin,which will cause people who know them to address still more of their questions and comments to that twm.The result,over time,will be one outspo-ken twin and one quieter one-like Ladan and Laleh Bijani.
A.differ in personality
B.differ in appearance
C.have the same lifestyle
D.have the same outlook
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A.美国
B.英国
C.法国
D.德国
A.实行教育、感化、挽救的方针
B.坚持教育为主、惩罚为辅的原则
C.可以依法减轻或者免除处罚
D.应当依法从轻、减轻或者免除处罚
A.other
B.another
C.the other
D.some
A.特殊的复杂性
B.独特的复杂性
C.鲜明的示范性
D.显效的长期性
A.采用逐年滚动比较
B.将寿命不同的设备价值折现比较原则
C.忽略沉没成本原则
D.以机会成本的角度来客观公正地评价新旧设备
E.考虑沉没成本原则
A.长期借款
B.流动资产
C.长期投资
D.固定资产
E.无形资产和其他资产
A.早期的迁移理论
B.道德发展理论
C.动机理论
D.认知发展理论
A.丝圈保持器
B.远中导板式间隙保持器
C.下颌舌弓保持器
D.Nance弓保持器
E.活动功能保持器
A.三大方面
B.四大方面
C.五大方面
D.六大方面
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